Fig. 2: Complex lattice design via the proposed FE-based approach.

a Steps 1: the input geometry is meshed with hexahedral elements and described in the global (x, y, z) and natural \(\left(\xi ,\eta ,\zeta \right)\) coordinate systems. Then a lattice unit cell is inserted into each hexahedral element. b Step 2: the line-based complex lattice topology is generated using the algorithm described. c Step 3: Calculating and assigning inclination angle-dependent strut diameters to complete the design. STL Standard triangle language, INP Input file (ABAQUS). The software and CAD model involved in each step are designated in square brackets and angle brackets.