Model organisms have a role in biology, but the dominance of model-organism thinking hinders innovation amid profound biodiversity loss. Biology needs a new intellectual framework that values studying all of life’s diversity and inspires an appreciation of that diversity by students and non-experts.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 digital issues and online access to articles
$119.00 per year
only $9.92 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on SpringerLink
- Instant access to the full article PDF.
USD 39.95
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
References
Pereira, H. M., Navarro, L. M. & Martins, I. S. Global biodiversity change: the bad, the good, and the unknown. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 37, 25–50 (2012).
Ankeny, R. A. & Leonelli, S. Model Organisms (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2020).
Bolker, J. A. Model systems in developmental biology. BioEssays 17, 451–455 (1995).
Muñoz, M. M., Frishkoff, L. O., Pruett, J. & Mahler, D. L. Evolution of a model system: new insights from the study of Anolis lizards. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 54, 475–503 (2023).
Reid, K., Bell, M. A. & Veeramah, K. R. Threespine stickleback: a model system for evolutionary genomics. Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet. 22, 357–383 (2021).
Bolker, J. Model organisms: there’s more to life than rats and flies. Nature 491, 31–33 (2012).
Levy, A. & Currie, A. Model organisms are not (theoretical) models. Br. J. Philos. Sci. 66, 327–348 (2015).
Mattei, A. L., Bailly, N. & Meissner, A. DNA methylation: a historical perspective. Trends Genet. 38, 676–707 (2022).
Russell, J. J. et al. Non-model model organisms. BMC Biol 15, 55 (2017).
Acknowledgements
Many thanks to D. Pfennig for comments and discussion. The author is supported by grants from the US National Science Foundation (IOS-2217635 and IOS-2306276).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The author declares no competing interests.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pfennig, K.S. Biologists must value biodiversity beyond model organisms. Nat. Rev. Biodivers. 1, 685–686 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44358-025-00104-2
Published:
Version of record:
Issue date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s44358-025-00104-2