Fig. 5: Different approaches for brine valorization. | Nature Reviews Clean Technology

Fig. 5: Different approaches for brine valorization.

From: Brine management with zero and minimal liquid discharge

Fig. 5

a, Selective extraction of valuable constituents (such as lithium from produced water). b, Fractional crystallization to produce different salts. This method leverages the temperature-dependent solubility of different salts. c, Making acid and base from brine using bipolar membrane (BPM) electrodialysis. AEM, anion exchange membrane; CEM, cation exchange membrane.

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