Fig. 5: Different approaches for brine valorization.
From: Brine management with zero and minimal liquid discharge

a, Selective extraction of valuable constituents (such as lithium from produced water). b, Fractional crystallization to produce different salts. This method leverages the temperature-dependent solubility of different salts. c, Making acid and base from brine using bipolar membrane (BPM) electrodialysis. AEM, anion exchange membrane; CEM, cation exchange membrane.