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Perovskite-based multi-junction solar cells

Nature Reviews Clean Technology (2025)Cite this article

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Abstract

Commercially available single-junction photovoltaic devices are nearing the theoretical ~29% limit of their power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). By layering multiple materials with complementary bandgaps, multi-junction photovoltaic solar cells could have higher efficiencies than devices with single light-absorbing layers. This Review examines the performance of perovskite–perovskite–silicon triple-junction solar cells (TJSCs), which have reported PCEs of 27.62% and theoretical maximum PCEs of 44.3%. Metal-halide perovskite materials have chemically tunable bandgaps, and can be deposited on top of silicon photovoltaic devices through large-area fabrication techniques. Perovskite materials with bandgaps engineered for multi-junction applications can struggle with poor crystallization during film formation, and can subsequently undergo PCE-limiting phase separation under exposure conditions. Altering composition through the addition of tin and/or doping with a range of ions or ligands can improve individual layer performance and overall device stability. The large maximum energy production of perovskite-based TJSCs under real radiation conditions (895 kWh m–2 per year) underscores the broad application potential of multi-junction solar cells. Decreasing open-circuit voltage losses, improving bandgap matching for the middle layer, and focusing on fabrication repeatability and scalability could advance perovskite-based TJSCs beyond the proof-of-concept stage.

Key points

  • Perovskite solar cell materials are solution-processable, with tunable bandgaps and high photoconversion efficiencies, and can be deposited on top of single-junction devices to make multi-junction photovoltaics.

  • Research into ultra-wide bandgap (UWBG) perovskites, which are suitable for the top layer of multilayer devices, has focused on improving the crystallinity and stability of the materials for these applications.

  • Middle-layer perovskite research has focused on chemical and thermal stability, especially under conditions required to form the top UWBG layers.

  • Bottom-layer cells are primarily made from silicon, but copper–indium–gallium–selenide (CIGS) cells, organic photovoltaics or even other perovskite materials are all used in research devices. A range of contact configurations are also available.

  • Interconnection layers need to optimize charge transport between different light-absorbing materials while minimizing parasitic absorption. Their manufacturing techniques need to be gentle enough to prevent damaging any of the pre-existing layers.

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Fig. 1: The evolution and working principle of perovskite–silicon multi-junction solar cells.
Fig. 2: Some issues associated with wide-bandgap perovskites.
Fig. 3: Ideal-bandgap middle cell.
Fig. 4: Silicon bottom solar cells.
Fig. 5: Energy yield evaluation of perovskite-based multi-junction solar cells.

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Acknowledgements

Y.H. acknowledges support from the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) under its MTC IRG Grant (M23M6c0108). The authors of this Review are affiliated with the Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore (SERIS), a research institute at the National University of Singapore. SERIS is supported by the National University of Singapore, the National Research Foundation Singapore, the Energy Market Authority of Singapore and the Singapore Economic Development Board. The data used for the simulation shown in Fig. 5 were provided by SERIS.

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  1. These authors contributed equally: Yuxin Yao, Shunchang Liu.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

    Yuxin Yao, Shunchang Liu & Yi Hou

  2. Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore (SERIS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

    Yuxin Yao, Shunchang Liu & Yi Hou

  3. Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, China

    Yuxin Yao & Zaiwei Wang

  4. RINA Tech Renewables Australia, RINA Consulting, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

    Carlos D. Rodríguez-Gallegos

  5. Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Québec, Canada

    César A. Rodríguez-Gallegos

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  1. Yuxin Yao
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Contributions

Y.Y. and S.L. contributed equally to this work. Y.Y. and S.L. wrote the first manuscript, and Z.W. and Y.H. revised the manuscript and supervised the project. Y.Y. and S.L. drew the figures. C.D.R.-G and C.A.R.-G completed the calculations. Z.W. and Y.H. contributed to manuscript editing and comments.

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Correspondence to Zaiwei Wang or Yi Hou.

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Competing interests

Y.H. is the founder of Singfilm Solar, a company focused on the commercialization of perovskite photovoltaic technologies. The other authors declare no competing interests.

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Nature Reviews Clean Technology thanks Junke Wang and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

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Supplementary information

Glossary

III–V semiconductors

Materials made from group III and group V elements of the periodic table, widely used in high-efficiency solar cells and electronic devices.

Double-bounce effect

Refers to light reflecting twice within a material or structure, thereby enhancing absorption or increasing the optical path length.

FA

(Formamidinium). The FA ion is an organic cation frequently used in perovskite solar cells to improve stability and efficiency.

Interdigitated back contact

(IBC). A solar cell design in which both positive and negative contacts are located on the back side of the cell to improve efficiency and reduce shading.

Lewis adducts

Compounds formed by the chemical reaction and combination of a Lewis acid and a Lewis base.

MA

(Methylammonium). The MA ion is an organic cation commonly used as a component in perovskite solar cell materials.

Shockley–Queisser limit

The maximum theoretical efficiency that a single-junction solar cell can achieve under standard illumination conditions.

Silicon heterojunctions

(SHJs). Interfaces between different silicon-based materials that improve solar cell efficiency by reducing recombination losses.

Tunnel oxide passivated contacts

(TOPCons). Ultra-thin oxide layers that enable efficient charge-carrier transport while minimizing surface recombination in solar cells.

Ultra-wide bandgap

(UWBG). A bandgap greater than 1.85 eV.

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Yao, Y., Liu, S., Rodríguez-Gallegos, C.D. et al. Perovskite-based multi-junction solar cells. Nat. Rev. Clean Technol. (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44359-025-00103-8

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