Fig. 4: Multi-Criteria Ranking of e-mCDR Hubs.

A Criteria weights assigned using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), with CO2 removal capacity receiving the highest weight, followed by removal affordability, and grid emissions efficiency. B Hub rankings across individual criteria, determined using normalized weighted scores. C Overall hub rankings derived from the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method, indicating that the South hub achieved the highest relative closeness score (C = 0.60), closely followed by the West and Northeast (C = 0.52).