Abstract
Study design:
Observational, cross-sectional study from a convenience sample with pretest/posttest data from a sample subset.
Objectives:
Determine the presence of walking-related arm swing after spinal cord injury (SCI), its associated factors and whether arm swing may change after locomotor training (LT).
Setting:
Malcom Randall VAMC and University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Methods:
Arm movement was assessed during treadmill stepping, pre-LT, in 30 individuals with motor incomplete SCI (iSCI, American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale grade C/D, as defined by the International Standards for Neurological Classifications of SCI, with neurological level of impairment at or below C4). Partial body weight support and manual-trainer assistance were provided, as needed, to achieve stepping and allow arm swing. Arm swing presence was compared on the basis of cervical versus thoracic neurological levels of impairment and device type. Leg and arm strength and walking independence were compared between individuals with and without arm swing. Arm swing was reevaluated post-LT in the 21 out of 30 individuals who underwent LT.
Results:
Of 30 individuals with iSCI, 12 demonstrated arm swing during treadmill stepping, pre-LT. Arm movement was associated with device type, lower extremity motor scores and walking independence. Among the 21 individuals who received LT, only 5 demonstrated arm swing pre-LT. Of the 16 individuals lacking arm swing pre-LT, 8 integrated arm swing post-LT.
Conclusion:
Devices routinely used for walking post-iSCI appeared associated with arm swing. Post-LT, arm swing presence increased. Therefore, arm swing may be experience dependent. Daily neuromuscular experiences provided to the arms may produce training effects, thereby altering arm swing expression.
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Acknowledgements
We thank the Locomotor Lab trainers and staff for their assistance with the data collection and LT. In particular, we acknowledge Emily Fox, MHS, DPT, NCS for her contributions to the analyses; and Laura Fuller; Jeff Fox; Luther Gill, DPT; Sheryl Flynn, PhD, PT; Preeti Nair, PhD, PT; and Chetan Phadke, PhD, PT for their help with training and data collection. This research was supported by the Department of Veterans Affairs Office of RR&D Service and RR&D Center Support, the Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation and NIH NICHD-NCMRR K01 HD013480. In addition, previous training support was provided by NIH T32 HD043730.
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Tester, N., Howland, D., Day, K. et al. Device use, locomotor training and the presence of arm swing during treadmill walking after spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 49, 451–456 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/sc.2010.128
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sc.2010.128
