Table 1 Comparison of subject demographics and ultradistal tibia and ultradistal radius metrics of FES-rower to normative non-SCI and chronic SCI cohorts

From: FES-rowing attenuates bone loss following spinal cord injury as assessed by HR-pQCT

Variable

Normative non-SCI

Chronic SCI

FES-rower

FES-rower s.d. difference from

 

(50–59 yrs)

(FES-untrained)

 

non-SCI

Chronic SCI

Demographics

Age (yrs)

55.3±2.6

41.8±7.8

59

  

Sex

male n=22

male/femle n=9

male

  

Injury

 

T3-T12 AIS A & B

T4 AIS A

  

Time post injury (yrs)

 

11.4±9.4

14

  

References

UCSF data

Wuermser et al.

   

Ultradistal tibia

Total.Ar (mm2)

754.9±103.1

 

612.9

−1.4

 

Tb.Ar (mm2)

602.5±106.0

 

472.1

−1.2

 

Total.vBMD (mg HA per cm3)

326.3±54.1

167.7±64.7

305.1

−0.4

2.1

Tb.vBMD (mg HA per cm3)

179.0±36.7

67.5±54.6

151.8

−0.7

1.5

Tb.N (1 per mm)

1.90±0.39

1.09±0.51

1.47

−1.1

0.7

Tb.Sp (mm)

0.468±0.109

1.15±0.82

0.593

1.1

0.7

Tb.Th (mm)

0.079±0.013

0.04±0.03

0.086

0.5

1.5

Ct.vBMD (mg HA per cm3)

890.2±64.8

809.8±52.9

855.6

−0.5

0.9

Ct.Po (%)

4.2±1.5

 

11.1

4.6

 

Ct.Po.Dm (mm)

0.187±0.021

 

0.264

3.7

 

Ct.Th (mm)

1.51±0.26

0.80±0.28

1.52

0

2.4

Ct.Ar (mm2)

148.0±27.9

86.5±30.5

144.4

−0.1

1.9

Ct.TMD (mg HA per cm3)

984.1±29.6

 

997.4

0.4

 

Stiffness (kN mm−1)

209.3±30.1

 

118.6

−3.0

 

App Modulus (N mm−2)

2099±468

 

1554

−1.2

 

Predicted failure load (N)

11177±1257

 

6744

−3.5

 

Cortical load fraction (distal) (%)

45.5±8.5

 

56.0

1.2

 

Ultradistal radius

n=28

    

Total.Ar (mm2)

260.7±41.7

 

223.7

−0.9

 

Tb.Ar (mm2)

336.7±44.7

 

310.0

−0.6

 

Total.vBMD (mg HA per cm3)

329.7±42.9

 

416.2

2.0

 

Tb.vBMD (mg HA per cm3)

178.6±30.9

 

233.7

1.8

 

Tb.N (1 mm−1)

2.01±0.27

 

2.28

1.0

 

Tb.Sp (mm)

0.434±0.074

 

0.353

1.1

 

Tb.Th (mm)

0.075±0.010

 

0.085

1.0

 

Ct.vBMD (mg HA per cm3)

898.1±56.5

 

961.7

1.1

 

Ct.Po (%)

2.0±1.3

 

2.4

−0.3

 

Ct.Po.Dm (mm)

0.168±0.015

 

0.164

0.3

 

Ct.Th (mm)

1.02±0.14

 

1.15

0.9

 

Ct.Ar (mm2)

73.6±10.5

 

84.6

1.0

 

Ct.TMD (mg HA per cm3)

978.3±30.0

 

994.0

0.5

 

Stiffness (kN mm−1)

84.2±16.0

 

76.4

−0.5

 

App Modulus (N mm−2)

1609±402

 

1530

−0.2

 

Predicted failure load (N)

4578±614

 

4442

−0.2

 

Cortical load fraction (distal) (%)

41.7±6.3

 

40.8

−0.1

 
  1. Abbreviations: AIS, American Spinal Cord Injury Impairment Scale; A, motor and sensory complete injury; B, motor complete sensory incomplete injury; Ct.Ar, cortical area; Ct.Po, cortical porosity; Ct.Po.Dm, cortical porosity diameter; Ct.Th, cortical thickness; Ct.TMD, cortical tissue mineral density; Ct.vBMD, cortical vBMD; FES, functional electrical stimulation; HA, hydroxyapatite; ; SCI, spinal cord injury; T, thoracic; Total.Ar, total area; Tb.Ar, trabecular area; Tb.N, trabecular number; Tb.Sp, trabecular separation; Tb.Th, trabecular thickness; Total.vBMD, total volumetric bone mineral density; Tb.vBMD, trabecular vBMD; UCSF, University of California San Francisco.
  2. Note (1): The s.d. difference values in the right hand columns are calculated as the difference between the FES- rower mean and the normative non-SCI mean in units of the normative non-SCI s.d., and the difference between the FES-rower mean and the chronic SCI mean in units of the chronic SCI s.d.
  3. Note (2): Positive s.d. values indicate that the FES-rower values are greater than, and negative s.d. values less than, the reference cohort values.
  4. Note (3): Boxed values highlight age and time post injury comparisons, and the FES-rower s.d. difference values which are within 1 s.d. of non-SCI and ⩾ 1.5 s.d. greater than chronic SCI.
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