Table 1 Summary of geochemical analyses of water samples.
Parameters | Drinking water limit (BIS 2012) | Groundwater | Surface water | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|  |  | Dec 2015—AA (AF) | Apr 2016—AA (PF) | Dec 2015—NAA (AF) | Apr 2016—NAA(PF) | December 2015 (AF) | April 2016 (PF) | ||||||||
| Â | Â | Min | Max | Min | Max | Min | Max | Min | Max | AR1 | AR2 | CL | AR1 | AR2 | CL |
pH | 6.5–8.5 | 6.7 | 8.0 | 6.4 | 7.9 | 6.9 | 8.4 | 6.5 | 7.5 | 7.9 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 8.0 |
Total Dissolved Solids (mg l−1) derived from Electrical Conductivity | 500–2000 | 408 | 1915 | 228 | 1976 | 515 | 2503 | 458 | 1748 | 1156 | 1306 | 194 | 382 | 1820 | 172 |
Major ions (mg l−1) | |||||||||||||||
 Calcium | 75–200 | 25 | 267 | 24 | 212 | 41 | 205 | 26 | 98 | 137 | 45 | 18 | 26 | 44 | 29 |
 Magnesium | 30–100 | 4 | 45 | 4 | 68 | 6 | 72 | 8 | 32 | 55 | 37 | 7 | 16 | 14 | 8 |
 Sodium | Nil | 84 | 592 | 25 | 629 | 125 | 805 | 64 | 350 | 227 | 281 | 22 | 64 | 406 | 18 |
 Potassium | NIl | 1.1 | 24.5 | 0.8 | 40.8 | 1.2 | 33.8 | 0.3 | 137.0 | 9.5 | 14.8 | 6.3 | 10.2 | 27.3 | 3.4 |
 Bicarbonate | Nil | 219 | 600 | 116 | 921 | 205 | 641 | 275 | 848 | 464 | 256 | 86 | 195 | 372 | 131 |
 Chloride | 250–1000 | 46 | 709 | 41 | 500 | 96 | 661 | 47 | 307 | 341 | 547 | 20 | 73 | 547 | 20 |
 Sulphate | 200–400 | 55 | 234 | 14 | 228 | 46 | 272 | 50 | 172 | 25 | 96 | 10 | 37 | 84 | 13 |
Minor ions | |||||||||||||||
 Silica (mg l−1) | Nil | 1.3 | 2.9 | 3.6 | 44.9 | 0.1 | 2.5 | 9.4 | 41.7 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 6.8 | 13.4 | 3.4 |
 Silver (μg l−1) | 100 | 62.6 | 69.4 | BDL | BDL | 64.1 | 68.7 | BDL | BDL | 63.6 | 64.2 | 66.0 | BDL | BDL | BDL |
 Aluminium (μg l−1) | 30–200 | 130.8 | 268.9 | BDL | BDL | 31.0 | 356.9 | BDL | 11.6 | 271.1 | 246.4 | 230.5 | 8.5 | 162.8 | BDL |
 Boron (μg l−1) | 500–1000 | 118.0 | 438.6 | 106.5 | 460.1 | 73.1 | 305.0 | 35.5 | 191.5 | 158.2 | 160.7 | 90.2 | 119.4 | 185.6 | 19.6 |
 Cadmium (μg l−1) | 30 | 47.9 | 51.9 | BDL | 69.0 | 49.2 | 51.7 | BDL | BDL | 47.9 | 51.9 | 50.4 | 154.6 | 163.8 | BDL |
 Cobalt (μg l−1) | Nil | 44.7 | 63.5 | BDL | 75.2 | 45.9 | 60.4 | BDL | BDL | 58.0 | 60.0 | 47.0 | 154.6 | 78.8 | BDL |
 Chromium (μg l−1) | 50 | 34.0 | 57.3 | BDL | 87.5 | 36.1 | 54.9 | BDL | BDL | 67.2 | 58.0 | 47.7 | BDL | BDL | BDL |
 Copper (μg l−1) | 50–1500 | 27.6 | 2430.5 | BDL | 203.2 | 31.1 | 406.6 | BDL | BDL | 93.8 | 63.2 | 84.1 | 6.5 | 5.4 | BDL |
 Iron (μg l−1) | 300 | 55.8 | 2061.0 | BDL | 3416.0 | 56.7 | 207.7 | BDL | 1788.7 | 336.7 | 402.2 | 253.0 | 448.4 | 526.2 | BDL |
 Lithium (μg l−1) | Nil | 65.5 | 255.0 | 79.2 | 363.6 | 41.1 | 226.8 | 77.8 | 83.4 | 83.3 | 190.4 | 97.6 | 58.6 | 209.8 | 77.4 |
 Manganese (μg l−1) | 100–300 | 95.7 | 1762.7 | BDL | 932.4 | 61.3 | 925.6 | BDL | 181.3 | 407.2 | 347.5 | 75.1 | 578.5 | 376.6 | BDL |
 Nickel (μg l−1) | 20 | 51.1 | 74.8 | BDL | BDL | 48.3 | 80.2 | BDL | BDL | 38.8 | 58.1 | 205.4 | BDL | BDL | BDL |
 Lead (μg l−1) | 10 | BDL | 69.1 | 42.2 | 243.3 | BDL | BDL | 29.0 | 197.8 | 38.8 | 58.1 | 205.4 | BDL | BDL | 64.2 |
 Zinc (μg l−1) | 5000–15000 | 37.6 | 112.5 | BDL | BDL | 36.4 | 164.1 | BDL | 51.4 | 102.0 | 48.6 | 51.2 | BDL | BDL | 64.2 |
 Phosphorus (μg l−1) | Nil | BDL | BDL | 30.2 | 1625.0 | BDL | BDL | 122.3 | 3936.8 | BDL | BDL | BDL | 175.0 | 196.4 | 101.1 |
Microorganisms (log CFU ml−1) | |||||||||||||||
 Total Bacterial Count | Nil | ND | 5.3 | 4.1 | 6.7 | ND | 4.4 | ND | 6.2 | 5.2 | 4.9 | 3.2 | 7.2 | 6.4 | 2.2 |
 Coliforms | Nil | ND | 9.6 | 2 | 6.7 | ND | 1.8 | ND | 5.6 | 5.2 | 6.8 | ND | 4.1 | 5.3 | 2.8 |
 E.coli | Nil | ND | 4.3 | ND | ND | ND | 1.9 | ND | ND | 2.9 | 2.5 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
 E.aerogenes | Nil | ND | 5.2 | ND | 5.6 | ND | 1.8 | ND | 6 | 2.2 | 4.3 | 2.5 | 4.1 | 5.3 | 2.8 |
 S.epidermidis | Nil | 1.6 | 5.2 | ND | 2.4 | ND | 4.4 | ND | 3.3 | 4.1 | 5.2 | ND | 6.3 | 6 | ND |
 S.flexneri | Nil | ND | 3.1 | ND | 5.8 | ND | 2.4 | ND | 3.8 | ND | ND | 3.2 | 1.1 | 1 | ND |
 S.pyogenes | Nil | ND | 5.3 | ND | 4.7 | ND | ND | ND | 2.7 | 2.5 | 5.3 | ND | 3.9 | 5.3 | ND |
 S.typhi | Nil | ND | 5.3 | ND | 6.7 | ND | 3.2 | ND | 4.8 | 5.3 | 5.3 | ND | 5.7 | 6.8 | ND |
 V.cholerae | Nil | ND | 3.2 | ND | 5.1 | ND | ND | ND | 3.4 | 2.9 | 3.2 | ND | 4.12 | 5.39 | 1.84 |
