Table 2 Regulatory mechanisms of PFKFB3

Ras

Increased expression

^{19, 21}

HER2

Increased expression

²²

P53

Decreased expression

²³

PTEN

KEN box

Indirect degradation

²⁴

MTG16

Decreased expression

²⁵

HIF-1

HIF-1 response elements (HRE)/Ser461

Increased expression

Phosphorylation

^{26, 38}

PR

PR response elements (PRE)/Ser461

Increased expression

Phosphorylation

²⁷

ER

ER response elements (ERE)

Increased expression

²⁸

CLOCK

E-box

Increased expression

²⁹

Stress stimuli (NaCl, H₂O₂, UV radiation, anisomycin)

Serum response element (SRE)/Ser461

Increased expression

Phosphorylation

³³

Insulin

Sterol regulatory elements (SRE) and E-boxes

Increased expression

^{30, 49, 50}

Pro-inflammatory molecules (IL-6, LPS and adenosine)

Promoter

Increased expression

^{31, 32}

microRNA (miR-206, miR-26b, hsa-miR-26b-5p, hsa-miR-330-3p)

3′UTR

Decreased expression

^{36, 37}

MK2, AMPK, PKA, PKC, MAPK

Ser461

Phosphorylation

^{33, 38, 39}

ROS

C206 at the N terminus

S-glutathionylation

⁴⁰

R131/R134 at the N terminus

Demethylation

⁴¹

APC/C-Cdh1

KEN box

Degradation

⁴²

SCF

DSG box

Degradation

⁴³