Figure 2 | Scientific Reports

Figure 2

From: The hematopoietic cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor is important for cognitive functions

Figure 2

Effects of GM-CSF deficiency on spatial learning and memory in an active place avoidance paradigm.

(A) Representative trajectories of both the first and last training trials illustrating inferior learning performance of knock-out mice. (B) During acquisition, entry latencies into the shock zone were dependent on genotype with reduced place avoidance observed in GMko mice (genotype, p<0.05; genotype*trial, p = 0.010). Note the failure to further improve performance after trial 5 in these mice. (C) Shock zone entry latencies were reduced during memory recall 24 hours after training. (*, p<0.05). WT, n = 22; KO, n = 21 animals. Data is presented as mean ± SEM.

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