Figure 6

Cell proliferation and differentiation on the phage-based materials in the primary media.

Cell proliferation was significantly influenced by phage concentration and phage types (a, b). Cell differentiation was regulated by different peptides displayed on the engineered phage types (c, d). The ALP activity assay (f) and alizarin red staining (e) further demonstrated that the osteoblastic differentiation of MSCs was induced by phage-based film materials. All data represented the mean ± standard deviation (n = 3, * p<0.05, **p<0.01). WT, RGD, PHSRN and RGD/PHSRN denoted films made of wild type phage, RGD-displayed phage, PHSRN-displayed phage and a mixture of RGD- and PHSRN-displayed phage, respectively. CON and LYS denoted poly-L-lysine substrates without phage. BLANK denoted pure glass substrate. OCN, OPN and COL were stained by rhodamine-labeled antibody (red) and cell nuclei were stained by DAPI (blue) and F-actin were stained by FITC-labeled phalloidin (green).