Figure 3

Current compliance approach principle (a) AFM topography of LICGC before bias sweeps (b) AFM topography after the bias sweeps were applied on a 100 point grid, (c) I–V plot at a single location using a cutoff current set point of −10 pA (d) corresponding height change versus bias at the same surface location as (c), using a sweep rate of 1200 mV s−1. The nucleation onset and the cutoff current are marked in (c).