Figure 1
Experimental protocol and Inter-group differences in the duration of sleep.
(A) Experimental sessions were conducted on Days 1 and 3 as part of a 3-day protocol. Subjects completed the baseline and encoding trials between 16:00 and 16:30 and the first recognition trial between 16:30 and 17:00 on the same day (Day 1) and the second recognition trial between 16:30 and 17:00 on Day 3. Subjects were randomly assigned to the total sleep deprivation (SD) or sleep control (SC) groups and then further randomly divided into 2 subgroups, directed forgetting (DF) or directed remembering (DR). (B) SC subjects slept for approximately 6 h per night (371.3 ± 9.49 min) throughout the experiment. SD subjects were deprived of all sleep on the first experimental night (14.94 ± 5.69 min) and the second night of sleep was prolonged for homeostatic recovery by about 2–3 h more than the usual sleep length (553.3 ± 24.0 min). Bars and error bars represent mean and standard error of the mean (SEM), respectively. *p < 0.0001.
