Table 1 States of Matter. Ideal Gas: no elementary excitations; Interacting Gas: only longitudinal excitations 
; Liquid: both longitudinal (
) and shear (
) modes; and Solid: all modes are supported (
)
; Liquid: both longitudinal (
) and shear (
) modes; and Solid: all modes are supported (
)From: Symmetry breaking gives rise to energy spectra of three states of matter
Phase | Coupling constants | Normal modes |
|---|---|---|
Ideal Gas | μ = 0, g → 0, λ → 0, |
|
Interacting Gas | μ = 1, g ≠0, λ ≠0, |
|
Liquid | μ = 1, g ≠0, λ ≠0, |
|
Solid | μ = 1, |
|
.
no modes
.
, 
.
, 
, λ ≠0, 
.
, 
