Figure 1

Hybrid bulk electrodes with 3D nanoporosity for Li-ion batteries.

Scheme showing the fabrication of seamlessly integrated S/NP Cu/MnO₂ bulk electrode: (a), Cleaned copper foil substrate; (b), Cu₃₀Mn₇₀ alloy film deposited on the copper foil by magnetron sputtering; (c), Nanoporous Cu layer on the copper foil produced by chemically dealloying Cu₃₀Mn₇₀ in diluted HCl solution; (d), Nanocrystalline MnO₂ directly grown onto S/NP Cu skeleton using electroless plating. (e), Photograph of a flexible S/NP Cu/MnO₂ hybrid bulk electrode being bend (2 × 3 cm²). (f), Four batteries assembled with S/NP Cu/MnO₂ bulk electrodes power blue, red and green LEDs. (g), Schematic battery constructed with S/NP Cu/MnO₂ and lithium foil as electrodes, 1 M LiPF₆ in EC/EMC/DMC as electrolyte and porous polymer as separator.