Figure 1

C − S conjugate disrupted preformed L. monocytogenes biofilms with a high efficiency.

The synthesis of C − S was achieved by the reductive amination between streptomycin and chitosan (A). Biofilms were exposed to 0.25 mg/mL C − S conjugate (23% streptomycin, ~13 kDa chitosan), equivalent chitosan (C) or streptomycin (S) alone and the respective mixture (C + S) for hours indicated. Biofilms incubated in TSB containing phosphate-buffered saline were used as control. Biofilm mass (B) and viable cells (C) were quantified and biofilm architectures after 24 h treatment were examined by scanning electron microscopy (D) and fluorescence microscopy (E). These experiments were performed three times with similar results each time. Error bars represent SD.