Table 1 Key metabolites responsible for discriminating BD subjects from HC

No	Metabolite	Platform	P-value^a	VIP^b	R^c	Fold change^d
1	α-hydroxybutyrate	NMR	3.64 × 10⁻⁸	1.52	0.72	1.48
2	Propionate	NMR	9.28 × 10⁻⁷	1.08	0.75	1.19
3	N-methylnicotinamide	NMR	1.96 × 10⁻⁹	1.27	−0.54	−1.89
4	(R,S)2,3-dihydroxybutanoicacid	GC-MS	3.09 × 10⁻⁷	1.26	−0.47	−0.74
5	2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine	GC-MS	3.85 × 10⁻⁸	1.02	−0.78	−1.06
6	3-hydroxyisobutyric acid	GC-MS	8.73 × 10⁻⁴	1.02	0.53	0.65
7	5-hydroxyhexanoic acid	GC-MS	4.86 × 10⁻⁵	1.27	0.55	0.56
8	Adipic acid	GC-MS	6.66 × 10⁻⁹	1.55	0.68	1.25
9	Aminoethanol	GC-MS	2.23 × 10⁻⁸	1.25	−0.38	−0.50
10	Arabitol	GC-MS	4.22 × 10⁻⁶	1.40	0.71	0.54
11	Azelaic acid	GC-MS	7.29 × 10⁻⁹	1.52	0.68	2.63
12	Fructose	GC-MS	4.27 × 10⁻¹¹	1.43	0.74	0.98
13	Glycine	GC-MS	4.09 × 10⁻⁸	1.56	0.69	0.83
14	Hypoxanthine	GC-MS	7.20 × 10⁻⁹	1.26	−0.39	−1.75
15	Indoxyl sulphate	GC-MS	8.74 × 10⁻⁷	1.33	−0.56	−0.77
16	Lactic acid	GC-MS	3.20 × 10⁻⁵	1.39	0.52	0.52
17	Methylmalonic acid	GC-MS	6.99 × 10⁻⁴	1.05	0.42	0.47
18	Phenylalanine	GC-MS	1.29 × 10⁻⁷	1.29	−0.42	−0.44
19	Pseudouridine	GC-MS	4.80 × 10⁻¹⁰	1.40	−0.40	−0.61
20	Pyroglutamic acid	GC-MS	3.74 × 10⁻⁷	1.18	−0.30	−0.32
21	Ribose	GC-MS	4.11 × 10⁻⁶	1.01	0.57	0.85
22	Sorbitol	GC-MS	5.93 × 10⁻⁵	1.06	0.54	1.44
23	Sucrose	GC-MS	2.31 × 10⁻⁷	1.30	0.61	1.48
24	Tyrosine	GC-MS	2.04 × 10⁻¹⁰	1.38	−0.37	−1.08
25	α-hydroxyisobutyric acid	GC-MS	1.32 × 10⁻⁵	1.18	−0.46	−0.42
26	β-alanine	GC-MS	8.89 × 10⁻⁵	1.37	0.66	0.96

Abbreviations: NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance; GC-MS, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
^aP-values were derived from two-tailed Student's t test.
^bVariable importance in the projection (VIP) was obtained from OPLS-DA with a threshold of 1.0.
^cCorrelation coefficient was obtained from OPLS-DA with a threshold of 3.01.
^dPositive values indicate higher levels in BD subjects and negative values indicate lower levels in BD subjects.

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