Figure 4 | Scientific Reports

Figure 4

From: Microneedle-mediated immunization of an adenovirus-based malaria vaccine enhances antigen-specific antibody immunity and reduces anti-vector responses compared to the intradermal route

Figure 4

Induction of cytokine mRNA in the skin and draining lymph node following ID or MN vaccine delivery.

Mice were immunized with HAdV5-PyMSP142 by the ID route or using a silicon microneedle patch type D (MN) at time 0. At 6, 18 and 48 hours after immunization, 5 mice per vaccinated group were culled and the skin site of immunization and the draining lymph nodes were harvested and snap frozen. Skin and lymph nodes from 2 naïve mice were harvested to determine background levels of expression. Gene expression values relative to GAPDH were calculated as 2−ΔCt. The mean (+/−SEM) values for each group are plotted; cytokine induction due to ID immunization is in red; due to MN-mediated immunization is in blue and samples from naïve mice are in black. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 by unpaired student t test of the two immunized groups.

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