Table 1 Characteristics of groups of patients without symptoms (control), with exertional dyspnea (dyspnea) and with clinical heart failure

From: Biomarkers and Echocardiographic Predictors of Myocardial Dysfunction in Patients with Hypertension

 

SD

p

Parameter

Control Group N = 22

Dyspnea Group N = 27

Heart Failure Group N = 50

Control vs Dyspnea

Control vs Heart Failure

Dyspnea vs Heart Failure

Age (years)

59.5 ± 13

63.5 ± 9

64.5 ± 11

ns

ns

ns

Duration of hypertension (years)

12.4 ± 7

9.3 ± 6

13.9 ± 6

ns

ns

ns

BMI kg/m 2

27.0 ± 5

27.6 ± 4

28.6 ± 4

ns

ns

ns

GFR MDRD (ml/min/1,73 m2)

88.4 ± 8

90 ± 6

67.7 ± 24

ns

0.0009

0.0001

Systolic BP mmHg

136 ± 7

135 ± 9

122 ± 15

ns

0.0001

0.0001

Diastolic BP mmHg

79 ± 9

83 ± 7

75 ± 8

ns

ns

0.001

HR

71 ± 6

70 ± 6

74 ± 9.8

ns

ns

ns

Hemoglobin

14.3 ± 0.9

14.4 ± 1

13.8 ± 1

ns

ns

ns

Hematocrit

41.4 ± 3

41.4 ± 4

42.5 ± 4

ns

ns

ns

Na mmol/l

140.9 ± 4

138.8 ± 3

138.4 ± 3

ns

ns

ns

K mmol/l

4.3 ± 0.5

4.1 ± 0.4

4.3 ± 0.4

ns

ns

ns

Creatinine

0.8 ± 0.24

0.9 ± 0.28

1.1 ± 0.29

ns

ns

ns

CRP mg/l

2.3 ± 1

2.2 ± 1.4

3.6 ± 4.7

ns

ns

ns

TNF-alpha (pg/ml)

28.45 ± 23

36.46 ± 57

30.94 ± 16

ns

ns

ns

IL1R1(ng/ml)

0.37 ± 0.2

0.52 ± 0.3

0.35 ± 0.1

ns

ns

ns

TGF-beta 1(ng/ml)

11.55 ± 2

9.96 ± 3

5.98 ± 2.5

ns

<0.0001

<0.0001

Syndecan (ng/ml)

1.19 ± 1

1.54 ± 1

4.14 ± 3.3

ns

<0.0001

0.0015

Galectin-3 (ng/ml)

22.27 ± 6

20.45 ± 4

18.59 ± 11

ns

ns

ns

Cardiotrophin (pg/ml)

77.66 ± 81

98.04 ± 136

229.51 ± 129

ns

<0.0001

<0.0001

NT-proBNP (pg/ml)

146.68 ± 102

152.93 ± 126

1889 ± 3368

ns

<0.0001

<0.0001

Cystatin C (mg/l)

0.77 ± 0.3

0.84 ± 0.5

1.37 ± 0.8

ns

0.0004

0.0001

Lipocalin-2 NGAL (ng/ml)

63.00 ± 37

66.56 ± 35

50.71 ± 45

ns

ns

0.0360

PIIINP (ng/ml) Median

1.27 ± 1.03

2.9 ± 0.94

2.62 ± 0.97

0.0001

0.0001

ns

 (Q25–Q75)

1.3 (0.3–2.0)

2.9 (2.2–3.6)

2.6 (1.9–3.3)

   
    

Chi-square

 

P

Gender (male)

9(41)

13(48)

43(86)

19.7

 

0.0001

Smoking

2(9)

2(7)

2(4)

0.81

 

ns

Heart Failure acc. NYHA

   

73.0

 

0.0001

I

0

14(51)

5(10)

   

II

0

13(48)

21(42)

   

III

0

0

24(48)

   

IV

0

0

0

   

Stenocardia acc. CCS

   

85.5

 

0.0001

0

21(95)

6(22)

2(4)

   

I

1(5)

4(15)

34(68)

   

II

0

17(63)

13(26)

   

III

0

0

1(2)

   

Diabetes mellitus or abnormal glucose level

2(9)

5(18)

8(16)

0.96

 

ns

Statins

69(27)

15(55)

32(64)

8.5

 

0.0141

Insulin

2(10)

2(7)

3(6)

0.2

 

ns

Diuretics

8(36)

13(48)

46(92)

30.4

 

0.0001

Beta -blockers

16(72)

22(81)

48(96)

8.5

 

0.013

Spironolactone/eplerenone

2(9)

5(18)

41(82)

50.7

 

0.0001

Acetylsalicylic acid

4(18)

13(49)

26(53)

8.3

 

0.015

ACE-inhibitors

11(50)

11(40)

43(86)

19.8

 

0.0001

ARBs

10(45)

12(44)

8(16)

10.0

 

0.006

CCB

10(45)

6(22)

4(8)

12.8

 

0.001

Digoxin

0

0

12(24)

18.0

 

0.0001

  1. ABBREVIATIONS: BMI, body mass index; GRF MDRD, glomerular filtration rate on the basic of the study Modification of Diet in Renal Disease; BP, blood pressure; HR, heart rate; Na, sodium; K, potassium; NYHA, New York Heart Association classification for heart failure; CCS, Canadian Cardiovascular Society; TGF-beta 1, transforming growth factor beta 1; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; PIIINP, collagen III N-terminal propeptide; TNF alpha, tumor necrosis factor alpha; IL1R1, interleukin 1 receptor, type I, ACE-inhibitors, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB – calcium channel blocker.
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