Figure 3
From: Red Queen dynamics in multi-host and multi-parasite interaction system
Qualitative behavior diagram of host populations when varying the parasite death rate d and host carrying capacity K; r = 0.5, αij = 0.01 for i ≠ j.
Proximate extinction means hosts have long periods of minimal population sizes near edge of extinction due to high parasitism (Supplementary Fig. 2a). Non-Red Queen dynamics I are oscillations where the minimum points are near relatively low values while non-Red Queen dynamics II are those towards permanent coexistence in host populations (Fig. 2). Note that the qualitative classification of cycles at the boundary between Red Queen and non-Red Queen dynamics are often difficult to identify because transition events happen at these boundaries and due to lack of available computational methods for distinguishing the different cycles in a differential equation model with many variables and parameters. (a) With 3 hosts and 3 parasites. (b) With 10 hosts and 10 parasites. (c) With 20 hosts and 20 parasites.
