Figure 4

NANOG directly regulates EMT mediators.

(A) Gene set enrichment data (GSEA) showing the enrichment of a published breast cancer stem cell signature³¹ in TG papillomas as compared with CTR papillomas. NES: normalized enrichment score. The false discovery rate (FDR, q-value) is indicated. (B)Relative gene expression in CTR and TG papillomas and TG SCCs of stemness related genes analyzed by qRT-PCR. mRNA levels were normalized by Gapdh levels and, then expressed as the ratios with respect to CTR papillomas (shown as fold change). Values correspond to mean ± SD of the indicated number of samples (n), each from a different mouse. Statistical significance was determined by the two-tailed Student’s t test relative to CTR papillomas. (C) Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) of NANOG and goat IgG in TE2 esophageal SCC (ESCC) cells. Values were first normalized to the input values, then and expressed as the ratios with respect to the IgG control (shown as fold change). Values correspond to mean ± SD of two independent biological replicates (n = 2). Control, genomic region that does not bind NANOG. Statistical significance in (B,C) was determined by the two-tailed Student’s t test. (*) P < 0.05; (**) P < 0.01; (***) P < 0.001.