Table 1 Characteristics of study participants by depression status.

From: Association between Ideal Cardiovascular Health Metrics and Depression in Chinese Population: A Cross-sectional Study

Characteristic

No Depressive SymptomsCES-D <15 (n = 6326)

Depressive SymptomsCES-D ≥16 (n = 525 )

p -value

 

Mean ± SD or N(%)

  

Age (years)

42.4 ± 13.1

38.7 ± 11.2

<0.001

Gender

  

0.086

Male

3236 (91.8)

289 (8.2)

 

Female

3090 (92.9)

236 (7.1)

 

Married

  

0.236

Yes

5861 (92.4)

479 (7.6)

 

No

465 (91.0)

46 (9.0)

 

Heavy alcohol consumption

  

0.625

Yes

170 (91.4)

16 (8.6)

 

No

6156 (92.4)

509 (7.6)

 

Income, ¥/month

  

0.005

<¥3000

2533 (91.4)

239 (8.6)

 

¥3000–4999

3226 (92.6)

257 (7.4)

 

≥¥5000

567 (95.1)

29 (4.9)

 

Education level

  

0.162

Illiteracy/primary

230 (93.1)

17 (6.9)

 

Middle school

2291 (93.1)

170 (6.9)

 

College/University

3805 (91.8)

338 (8.2)

 

Previous history of disease

   

Myocardial infarction

35 (92.1)

3 (7.9)

0.957

Stroke

101 (91.0)

10 (9.0)

0.591

Cancer

87 (96.7)

3 (3.3)

0.120

Smoking

  

0.002

Ideal (never)

4702 (93.0)

355 (7.0)

 

Intermediate (former)

49 (94.2)

3 (5.8)

 

Poor(current smoker)

1575 (90.4)

167 (9.6)

 

BMI

  

0.147

Ideal(<25 kg/m2)

3706 (91.9)

326 (8.1)

 

Intermediate(25–29.99 kg/m2)

2149 (92.7)

170 (7.3)

 

Poor (≥30 kg/m2)

471 (94.2)

29 (5.8)

 

Physical activity

  

<0.001

Ideal⊕

3350 (94.2)

206 (5.8)

 

Intermediate☆

553 (90.7)

57 (9.3)

 

Poor (0 min/wk)

2423 (90.2)

262 (9.8)

 

Diet

  

<0.001

Ideal (3–4 of components)

1343 (95.1)

69 (4.9)

 

Intermediate(2 of components)

3636 (93.1)

268 (6.9)

 

Poor (0–1 of components)

1347 (87.7)

188 (12.2)

 

Total cholesterol

  

0.332

Ideal (<200 mg/dl)

5028 (92.1)

431 (7.9)

 

Intermediate (200–239 mg/dl)

1085 (93.4)

77 (6.6)

 

Poor (≥240 mg/dl)*

213 (92.6)

17 (7.4)

 

Blood pressure

  

<0.001

Ideal (<120/80 mmHg)

2310 (90.6)

240 (9.4)

 

Intermediate (SBP129–139 or DBP80–90 mmHg)

3083 (92.8)

239 (7.2)

 

Poor (SBP ≥ 140 or DBP > 90 mmHg)†

933 (95.3)

46 (4.7)

 

Fasting blood glucose

  

0.009

Ideal (<100 mg/dl)

5053 (91.9)

447 (8.1)

 

Intermediate (100–125 mg/dl)

976 (93.8)

64 (6.1)

 

Poor (≥126 mg/dl)‡

297 (95.5)

14 (4.5)

 
  1. CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale ( ≥16 score as depressive symptom); BMI = body mass index; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; SBP = systolic blood pressure.
  2. ⊕Defined as ≥150 min/wk moderate intensity or ≥75 min/wk vigorous intensity or ≥150 min/wk moderate + vigorous.
  3. ☆Defined as ≥1–149 min/wk moderate intensity or 1–74 min/wk vigorous intensity or 1–149 min/wk moderate + vigorous.
  4. *Plus no previous physician diagnosis of hypercholesterolemia.
  5. †Plus no previous physician diagnosis of hypertension.
  6. ‡Plus no previous physician diagnosis of diabetes or no use of insulin.
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