Table 2 Correlated factor solution for multivariate genetic analyses, showing phenotypic correlations (rPh), genetic correlations (rG), shared-environmental (rC) and non-shared environmental (rE) correlations between intelligence and GCSE exam grades, with 95% confidence intervals in parentheses.

From: Pleiotropy across academic subjects at the end of compulsory education

 

Intelligence

English

Mathematics

Science

Humanities

Second language

Art

Business informatics

r Ph

 Intelligence

1

       

 English

0.52 (0.50–0.54)

1

      

 Mathematics

0.56 (0.53–0.58)

0.69 (0.69–0.70)

1

     

 Science

0.48 (0.46–0.51)

0.66 (0.65–0.67)

0.71 (0.70–0.72)

1

    

 Humanities

0.48 (0.45–0.50)

0.77 (0.76–0.78)

0.69 (0.68–0.70)

0.67 (0.66–0.69)

1

   

 Second language

0.48 (0.45–0.51)

0.71 (0.70–0.73)

0.67 (0.65–0.68)

0.63 (0.62–0.65)

0.68 (0.66–0.69)

1

  

 Art

0.36 (0.33–0.39)

0.57 (0.55–0.59)

0.50 (0.48–0.52)

0.49 (0.46–0.51)

0.57 (0.55–0.59)

0.53 (0.50–0.55)

1

 

 Business informatics

0.44 (0.40–0.47)

0.62 (0.60–0.63)

0.63 (0.61–0.64)

0.58 (0.56–0.60)

0.62 (0.60–0.63)

0.57 (0.55–0.60)

0.49 (0.46–0.51)

1

r G

 Intelligence

1

       

 English

0.65 (0.57–0.75)

1

      

 Mathematics

0.69 (0.62–0.76)

0.73 (0.70–0.75)

1

     

 Science

0.61 (0.51–0.73)

0.73 (0.69–0.78)

0.78 (0.75–0.82)

1

    

 Humanities

0.58 (0.48–0.69)

0.88 (0.84–0.92)

0.74 (0.71–0.78)

0.75 (0.70–0.80)

1

   

 Second language

0.59 (0.49–0.71)

0.83 (0.78–0.88)

0.72 (0.71–0.76)

0.68 (0.62–0.74)

0.76 (0.70–0.83)

1

  

 Art

0.44 (0.31–0.60)

0.65 (0.58–0.73)

0.56 (0.49–0.64)

0.51 (0.49–0.61)

0.62 (0.54–0.71)

0.56 (0.48–0.67)

1

 

 Business informatics

0.56 (0.44–0.72)

0.72 (0.64–0.81)

0.70 (0.63–0.77)

0.70 (0.60–0.80)

0.69 (0.61–0.78)

0.64 (0.54–0.75)

0.59 (0.43–0.75)

1

r C

 Intelligence

1

       

 English

0.79 (0.41–0.82)

1

      

 Mathematics

0.88 (0.51–1.00)

0.98 (0.93–1.00)

1

     

 Science

0.85 (0.41–1.00)

0.84 (0.74–0.93)

0.91 (0.84–0.91)

1

    

 Humanities

0.94 (0.54–0.94)

0.91 (0.84–0.97)

0.95 (0.90–1.00)

0.90 (0.80–0.98)

1

   

 Second language

0.93 (0.46–1.00)

0.83 (0.71–0.93)

0.88 (0.77–0.88)

0.89 (0.77–0.89)

0.90 (0.78–0.97)

1

  

 Art

0.82 (0.25–1.00)

0.81 (0.63–0.88)

0.83 (0.62–1.00)

0.87 (0.65–1.00)

0.91 (0.73–1.00)

0.91 (0.70–1.00)

1

 

 Business informatics

0.94 (0.40–1.00)

0.79 (0.79–0.96)

0.86 (0.71–0.90)

0.71 (0.54–0.71)

0.89 (0.73–1.00)

0.79 (0.58–0.96)

0.66 (0.35–0.98)

1

r E

 Intelligence

1

       

 English

0.19 (0.12–0.25)

1

      

 Mathematics

0.21 (0.19–0.27)

0.26 (0.22–0.30)

1

     

 Science

0.16 (0.08–0.23)

0.27 (0.23–0.31)

0.32 (0.28–0.36)

1

    

 Humanities

0.17 (0.09–0.24)

0.35 (0.31–0.39)

0.29 (0.25–0.33)

0.28 (0.23–0.32)

1

   

 Second language

0.15 (0.06–0.18)

0.23 (0.18–0.28)

0.31 (0.25–0.36)

0.26 (0.20–0.31)

0.22 (0.16–0.27)

1

  

 Art

0.10 (0.01–0.20)

0.18 (0.12–0.24)

0.10 (0.10–0.16)

0.14 (0.14–0.20)

0.20 (0.13–0.27)

0.12 (0.04–0.20)

1

 

Business informatics

0.09 (–0.01–0.19)

0.21 (0.14–0.26)

0.27 (0.21–0.33)

0.23 (0.16–0.26)

0.23 (0.21–0.29)

0.24 (0.15–0.33)

0.17 (0.06–0.28)

1

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