Table 2 Summary of the potential biomarkers in kidney extracts from db/db mice and wildtype mice.

δ¹H(ppm)	metabolites	metabolism pathway	wildtype mice	db/db mice
1.342	Lactate	Glycolysis	38.78 ± 0.76	53.27 ± 2.42^**
1.919	Acetate	Fatty acids β-oxidation	3.31 ± 0.09	1.93 ± 0.09^**
1.206	3-hydroxybutyrate	Ketogenesis	3.39 ± 0.20	1.52 ± 0.05^**
3.037	Creatinine	Serinolysis	7.59 ± 0.22	4.50 ± 0.28^**
3.204	Choline	Methylamine metabolism	21.12 ± 1.02	14.12 ± 0.87^**
3.275	TMAO	Methylamine metabolism	7.52 ± 0.13	9.41 ± 0.28^**
3.545	myo-Inositol	Lipid metabolism	27.45 ± 0.26	28.47 ± 0.34^*
2.372	Glutamate	Amino acid metabolism	22.23 ± 0.42	12.68 ± 0.64^**
3.557	Glycine	Amino acid metabolism	16.05 ± 0.37	8.10 ± 0.52^**
6.909	Tyrosine	Amino acid metabolism	0.44 ± 0.01	0.39 ± 0.01^*
5.809	Uracil	Pyrimidine metabolism	0.22 ± 0.01	0.16 ± 0.01^**
5.92	Uridine	Pyrimidine metabolism	0.88 ± 0.02	0.73 ± 0.04^**
5.94	GTP	Purine metabolism	0.55 ± 0.01	0.47 ± 0.01^**

Values are expressed as mean ± SE; Keys: TMAO, trimetlylamine oxide; GTP, guanosine triphosphate; ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01 compared with age-matched wildtype mice.

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