Table 4 Results of ANCOVA or MANCOVA analyses considering two or five covariables, with mean and standard deviations of the groups of patients on executive function tests.
Executive functions tests | OSU ≤ 16 (N = 41) | OSU ≥ 17 (N = 39) | Age and Years of education covariables | Age, Years of education, Duration of drug use (yr), Vocabulary and Block Design Scores covariables | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | p values | Effect Size | F | pvalues | Effect Size | |||
Digits Backwards (WAIS-III). Direct Score | 5.88 ± 2.00 | 6.33 ± 1.97 | 0.62 | 0.433 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.975 | 0.05 |
TMT-B (seconds) | 73.20 ± 33.0 | 67.51 ± 36.48 | 0.96 | 0.331 | 0.01 | 0.24 | 0.623 | 0.08 |
Tower of Hanoi | ||||||||
Number of movements | 29.95 ± 11.71 | 24.95 ± 9.26 | 3.90 | 0.045 | 0.05 | 1.56 | 0.217 | 0.23 |
Number of errors | 1.68 ± 2.00 | 1.34 ± 2.17 | 1.27 | 0.262 | 0.02 | 0.21 | 0.651 | 0.07 |
Reaction Time (seconds) | 209.38 ± 145.90 | 149.97 ± 78.95 | 7.22 | 0.009 | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.712 | 0.07 |
WCST | ||||||||
Trials administered | 91.23 ± 18.22 | 91.10 ± 18.41 | 0.10 | 0.752 | 0.00 | 1.71 | 0.195 | 0.25 |
Total correct | 73.95 ± 11.79 | 72.44 ± 8.60 | 0.03 | 0.870 | 0.00 | 0.68 | 0.412 | 0.13 |
Total errors (%) | 17.35 ± 8.58 | 18.74 ± 7.33 | 0.63 | 0.429 | 0.01 | 1.51 | 0.223 | 0.29 |
Perseverative errors (%) | 4.80 ± 7.09 | 5.08 ± 4.86 | 0.00 | 0.952 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.321 | 0.18 |
Non-perseverative errors (%) | 11.35 ± 3.27 | 15.23 ± 12.24 | 3.49 | 0.066 | 0.04 | 0.18 | 0.666 | 0.07 |
Conceptual level responses (%) | 76.23 ± 15.72 | 76.41 ± 10.74 | 0.06 | 0.806 | 0.00 | 0.62 | 0.434 | 0.12 |
Categories completed | 5.85 ± 0.80 | 5.72 ± 1.08 | 0.35 | 0.554 | 0.01 | 0.41 | 0.522 | 0.10 |
Trials to first category | 14.65 ± 13.20 | 15.72 ± 18.83 | 0.04 | 0.853 | 0.00 | 1.30 | 0.258 | 0.20 |
Failure to maintain set | 0.90 ± 1.26 | 0.95 ± 1.52 | 0.18 | 0.693 | 0.00 | 0.76 | 0.387 | 0.14 |
Learn to learn | −1.68 ± 4.29 | −1.15 ± 4.45 | 0.37 | 0.548 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.889 | 0.05 |
Reaction Time (milliseconds) | 3307.65 ± 1256.26 | 2950.62 ± 1324.49 | 1.31 | 0.256 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.836 | 0.06 |
Iowa Gambling Task | ||||||||
Total of the 100 trials | 1.84 ± 20.82 | 12.92 ± 31.52 | 2.15 | 0.147 | 0.03 | 1.92 | 0.171 | 0.28 |
