Figure 2
From: Atlantic Deep-water Response to the Early Pliocene Shoaling of the Central American Seaway
The main evidence for NADW changes in response to the early Pliocene shoaling of the CAS.
(a) δ13C (‰ vs Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite) time series from Caribbean Site 999 and North Atlantic Site 982. The increasing δ13C values at Site 999 are interpreted to reflect a progressive increase in AMOC3; (b) δ18O timeseries (‰ vs Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite) from western equatorial Atlantic Sites 925 and 929. The reversal of δ18O gradients after ~4.7 Ma are interpreted to reflect an increase in temperature and salinity due to enhanced northward heat and salt transport25; (c) % sand content timeseries for Sites 999 and 9293. The increases in average and variability of % sand are interpreted to reflect enhanced carbonate preservation in response to an increase in dominance of low-corrosive NADW at both sites3. Bold lines represent 50 kyr running averages. References for isotopic data are given in Table 1.
