Figure 3 | Scientific Reports

Figure 3

From: Human rather than ape-like orbital morphology allows much greater lateral visual field expansion with eye abduction

Figure 3

Schematic cross-sections illustrating ε max. and ω top max. values for the human orbit and two modified non-human ape-like orbits.

Schematic cross-sections of the Human orbit (a and a’; φ = 107.1°), modified “Pan-like” orbit (b and b’; φ = 98.7°) and modified “Gorilla-like” orbit (c and c’; φ = 94.3°). In a, b and c, the eye is in primary position of gaze. The ε max. value is 103° for each orbit type. In a’, b’, c’, the eye is in the abduction position (denoted by θ) that yields the ω top max. value. In the human orbit, ω top max. is 136.1° for 36.9° abduction. In the modified “Pan-like” orbit, ω top max. is 115° for 15.8° abduction. In the modified “Gorilla-like” orbit, ω top max. is 104.3° for 5.1° abduction.

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