Table 1 Characteristics of studies on vitamin C intake and pancreatic cancer risk.
Study, year | Country | Study design | Participants (cases) | Age (years) | RR (95% CI) for highest versus lowest category | Adjustment for covariates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Howe et al. 1990 | Canada | Case-control | 754(249) | 35–79 | 0.81(0.51–1.30) | Adjust for caloric and fibre intake, lifetime cigarette consumption. |
Baghurst et al. 1991 | Australia | Case-control | 357(104) | <50-≥80 | 0.46(0.23–0.94) | Adjust for age; pack-years of smoking, tobacco consumption and viceversa. |
Bueno de Mesquita et al. 1991 | Netherlands | Case-control | 644(164) | 35–79 | 0.79(0.48–1.29) | Adjust for age, sex, response status, total smoking and dietary intake of energy. |
Zatonski et al. 1991 | Poland | Case-control | 305(110) | 62.2 | 0.37(0.13–0.99) | Adjust for cigarette lifetime consumption and calories. |
Olsen et al. 1991 | United States | Case-control | 432(212) | 40–84 | 0.5(0.3–0.9) | Adjusted for total energy, age, cigarette usage, alcohol consumption, respondent-reported history of diabetes mellitus and educational level. |
Howe et al. 1992 | Europe | Case-control | 2471(802) | 28–87 | 0.55(0.39–0.78) | Adjusted for age, sex, nutrient variables (categorical) and lifetime cigarette consumption (continuous). |
Kalapothaki et al. 1993 | Greece | Case-control | 362(181) | Na | 0.92(0.73–1.15) | Adjust for age, gender, hospital, pastresidence, years of schooling, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus and energy intake. |
Stolzenberg-Solomon et al. 2002 | Finland | Prospective | 27111(163) | 50–69 | 0.91(0.52–1.59) | Adjust for by the residual method and for age and years of smoking, energy-adjusted folate intake and energy-adjusted saturated fat intake. |
Lin et al. 2005 | Japan | Case-control | 327(109) | 40–79 | 0.45(0.22–0.94) | Adjust for age, pack-years of smoking and energy intake. |
Anderson et al. 2009 | Canada | Case-control | 734(422) | <79 | 0.71(0.51–1.00) | Age-adjusted odds ratio. Age at pancreas cancer diagnosis date for cases and at referent date of 1 January 2003 (midpoint of caserecruitment) for controls. |
Gong et al. 2010 | United States | Case-control | 2226(525) | 21–85 | 0.69(0.51–0.94) | Adjusted for age in 5-year groups, sex and total energy intake, race, education, body mass index, history of diabetes, smoking, physical activity and alcoholconsumption. |
Bravi et al. 2011 | Italian | Case-control | 978(326) | 34–80 | 0.44(0.27–0.73) | Adjusted for age, sex and center, year of interview, education, tobacco smoking and history of diabetes, body mass index and total energy intake. |
Heinen et al. 2012 | Netherlands | Prospective | 120825(423) | 55–69 | 1.00(0.74–1.33) | Adjusted for age, sex, smoking, body mass index, familyhistory of pancreatic cancer, history of diabetes mellitus, intake of energy, red meat, coffee and alcohol. |
Banim et al. 2013 | UK | Prospective | 23658(49) | 40–74 | 0.88(0.41–1.86) | Adjusted for age, sex, smoking, diabetes, total energy intake and body mass index category. |
Han et al. 2013 | United States | Prospective | 77446(162) | 50–76 | 0.89(0.58–1.35) | Adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, education, body mass index, physical activity, cigarette smoking status, total alcohol consumption, family history of pancreatic cancer, history of diabetesand total energy intake. |
Jansen et al. 2013 | United States | Case-control | 1367(983) | 31–92 | 0.51(0.34–0.76) | Adjusted for energy, smoking, BMI, age, sex and drinks of alcohol per week |
Jeurnink et al. 2014 | Europe | Nested case-control | 521468(442) | 52.1 | 0.91(0.55–1.51) | Adjusted for age at blood collection, study center, sex, date of blood collection, time of blood collection, fasting status and hormone use, smoking status, duration and intensity of smoking, cotinine levels, waist circumference and diabetes status.. |
