Figure 3
Selection on genes involved in hypoxia response (produced in ADOBE ILLUSTRATOR).
(a) these genes involved in MAPK signaling pathway (map 04010), PI3K-akt signaling pathway (map 04151), mTOR signaling pathway (map 04150) and calcium signaling pathway (map 04020). Abbreviations, annotations and connections were presented in accordance with KEGG standards, where solid lines indicated direct relationships between genes and dashed lines indicated that more than one step were involved in the process. Not all genes under selection were shown in here, see Table 1 for more details. (b) Distribution of θπ ratio (θπ, lowland/θπ, highland) and FST values, which were calculated in 100-kb windows sliding in 10-kb steps (produced in PLOT in R package). Data points in blue (corresponding to the 5% θπ ratio distribution, where θπ was 1.58 and the 5% FST distribution, where FST was 0.425) were regions under selection in highland great tits. The genomic regions contained 20 hypoxia genes in above pathways were marked in red. (c) The 20 hypoxia genes exhibited a higher FST, θπ ratio and Tajima’s D lowland—Tajima’s D highland compared with the genome background by Student’s t-tests (T.TEST in R package).
