Table 1 Physico-chemical characteristics of as-synthesized and post-capped CNPs in hydrated states.

From: Regulating Biocompatibility of Carbon Spheres via Defined Nanoscale Chemistry and a Careful Selection of Surface Functionalities

Nanoparticles

Descrition

Precursor: passivator ratio (w/w)

Dispersibility

Preparation temperature, time*

Post synthesis processing**

DLS (nm)

Zeta (mV)

PDI

Functionality

Surface charge

CNP-Pristine

No-passivation

1:0

Water

270 °C; 30 min

Probe sonication; filtration

46 ± 17

−17 ± 02

0.26

Bare, Carboxylate, –OH, etc.

Negative

CNP-PEG 400

Pre-passivation

1:10

water

270 °C; 40 min

Probe sonication; filtration

37 ± 04

−27 ± 01

0.47

–OH

Negative

CNP-PEG 1 K

Pre-passivation

1:10

water

270 °C; 40 min

Probe sonication; filtration

08 ± 01

−22 ± 04

0.53

–OH

Negative

CNP-PEG 4.6 K

Pre-passivation

1:10

water

270 °C; 40 min

Probe sonication; filtration

139 ± 07

−27 ± 03

0.22

–OH

Negative

CNP-PEG 10k

Pre-passivation

1:10

water

270 °C; 40 min

Probe sonication; filtration

28 ± 03

−22 ± 02

0.23

–OH

Negative

CNP-PEG 20k

Pre-passivation

1:10

water

270 °C; 40 min

Probe sonication; filtration

02 ± 01

−24 ± 03

0.48

–OH

Negative

CNP-Bis-MPA

Post-passivation

1:10

water

270 °C; 30 min then RT

Probe sonication; filtration; incubation

190 ± 80

−25 ± 01

0.66

–OH

Negative

CNP-PAMAM−

Post-passivation

1:10

water

270 °C; 30 min then RT

Probe sonication; filtration; incubation

200 ± 50

−35 ± 01

0.55

–COOH

Negative

CNP-PAMAM+

Post-passivation

1:10

water

270 °C; 30 min then RT

Probe sonication; filtration; incubation

243 ± 19

26 ± 05

0.56

–NH2

positive

CNP-PolyLys

Post-passivation

1:10

water

270 °C; 30 min then RT

Probe sonication; filtration; incubation

219 ± 22

16 ± 06

0.64

–NH2

Positive

CNP-PEI

Post-passivation

1:10

water

270 °C; 30 min then RT

Probe sonication; filtration; incubation

41 ± 21

09 ± 01

0.60

–NH2

Positive

  1. Percent distribution of hydrodynamic diameters (number averaged, nm, 0.2 μM nanopure water) and polydispersity indexes were obtained from dynamic light scattering (DLS).
  2. *Preparation temperature and time: Pre-passivated particles were prepared at 270 °C followed by post synthetic processing; whereas post-passivated particles were incubated with the passivating agent at ambient temperature.
  3. **Post synthesis processing: 20-minute probe sonication; Amp 1, On: 2 Sec, Off: 1 Sec, followed by filtration through 0.2 μ cellulosic membrane.
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