Figure 4 | Scientific Reports

Figure 4

From: Dense Helical Electron Bunch Generation in Near-Critical Density Plasmas with Ultrarelativistic Laser Intensities

Figure 4

(a) Hamiltonian and trajectories in phase-space (ψ, γ), with longitudinal electric field ignored. (b) Same as (a), but with longitudinal electric field included. Although the phase-space is not periodic, the trajectries are mannually arranged into one period as ψ is redefined as the remainder . (c) Trajectories of the PIC sample electrons. (d) Electron density distribution in phase-space, selected from the volume from x = 44 μm to 49 μm, within the radius of 5 μm at t = 60 TL.

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