Table 1 Body length and head width of Folsomia candida when fed artificial diets containing different concentrations of PA, E-64, or GNA for 7, 14, 21, or 28 days. Values are means ± SE, n = 3.

From: Toxicological and biochemical analyses demonstrate no toxic effect of Cry1C and Cry2A to Folsomia candida

Treatment

Body length (mm)

Head width (mm)

Day 7

Day 14

Day 21

Day 28

Day 7

Day 14

Day 21

Day 28

Control: pure diet

0.901 ± 0.008

1.169 ± 0.024

1.272 ± 0.054

1.329 ± 0.036

0.231 ± 0.005

0.241 ± 0.005

0.251 ± 0.004

0.272 ± 0.007

PA 4.5 μg/g diet

0.897 ± 0.029

1.108 ± 0.031

1.224 ± 0.025

1.283 ± 0.016

0.229 ± 0.008

0.235 ± 0.004

0.247 ± 0.003

0.265 ± 0.008

PA 9.0 μg/g diet

0.823 ± 0.020

1.029 ± 0.040*

1.084 ± 0.017**

1.085 ± 0.029**

0.196 ± 0.003**

0.196 ± 0.005**

0.215 ± 0.003**

0.221 ± 0.007**

PA 36 μg/g diet

0.798 ± 0.015*

0.960 ± 0.012**

–

–

0.186 ± 0.005**

0.197 ± 0.004**

–

–

E-64 25 μg/g diet

0.924 ± 0.032

1.135 ± 0.022

1.191 ± 0.012

1.257 ± 0.027

0.228 ± 0.002

0.237 ± 0.008

0.250 ± 0.002

0.261 ± 0.005

E-64 75 μg/g diet

0.832 ± 0.006

1.108 ± 0.023

1.078 ± 0.046*

1.156 ± 0.013**

0.200 ± 0.003*

0.211 ± 0.005**

0.214 ± 0.006**

0.216 ± 0.009**

E-64 225 μg/g diet

0.791 ± 0.005**

0.917 ± 0.039**

–

–

0.187 ± 0.005**

0.206 ± 0.002**

–

–

GNA 100 μg/g diet

0.836 ± 0.006**

1.074 ± 0.011*

1.096 ± 0.023*

–

0.194 ± 0.004**

0.205 ± 0.006**

–

–

GNA 1000 μg/g diet

0.805 ± 0.012**

1.015 ± 0.007**

1.019 ± 0.038**

–

0.187 ± 0.003**

0.199 ± 0.004**

–

–

  1. “–” indicates that either no insects remained alive or that the number of alive individuals was insufficient for measurement.
  2. Each insecticidal protein treatments was statistically compared with the control at each sampling date. Asterisks indicate significant differences between the toxin treatment and the control (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01).
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