Figure 6

Joule heating analyzed by thermal infrared camera.
(a) The maximum elevated temperature of electroporation buffer (TAP) in microelectrode and cuvette and (b) The temperature changes in real time when 2 kV cm−1 and 30 ms pulse was applied. (c) The infrared camera image when 2 kV cm−1 and 30 ms was applied. (d) The cell viability according to the temperature measured immediately after suspension. Resuspension and measurement were carried out in at least one second.