Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study participants.

From: Hyperhomocysteinemia predicts renal function decline: a prospective study in hypertensive adults

Characteristic

Total (n = 2387)

Men (n = 578)

Women (n = 1809)

P value

Age (year)

60 ± 7

61 ± 7

60 ± 7

<0.001

Body mass index (kg/m2)

25.7 ± 3.4

25.0 ± 3.3

26.0 ± 3.4

<0.001

Smoking (no.[%])a

   

<0.001

 Never or occasional

1859 (78.3)

167 (29.3)

1692 (93.8)

 

 Former

131 (5.5)

97 (17.0)

34 (1.9)

 

 Current

383 (16.1)

306 (53.7)

77 (4.3)

 

Diabetes (no.[%])b

335 (14.0)

80 (13.8)

255 (14.1)

0.932

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

168 ± 20

167 ± 21

169 ± 20

0.070

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

95 ± 11

97 ± 13

94 ± 11

<0.001

Laboratory variables

    

 Cholesterol (mmol/L)

5.84 ± 1.18

5.65 ± 1.16

5.90 ±1.18

<0.001

 HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.36 ± 0.37

1.38 ± 0.42

1.36 ± 0.36

0.223

 Triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.73 ± 0.94

1.60 ± 1.05

1.77 ± 0.90

<0.001

 Hcy (μmol/L) (median [Q1-Q3])

12.1 (10.0,15.1)

14.3 (12.0,18.1)

11.5 (9.6, 14.0)

<0.001

 Folate (nmol/L) (median [Q1-Q3])

7.4 (5.3,9.6)

5.9 (4.7,8.2)

7.9 (5.6,9.9)

<0.001

 B12 (pg/ml) (median [Q1-Q3])

382.1 (322.1, 470.4)

366.4 (313.1,452.9)

385.5 (325.1, 476.7)

0.270

 No. of antihypertensive drugs (median [Q1-Q3])

0 (0-1)

0 (0-1)

0 (0-1)

0.018

 Use of ACEIs/ARBs (no.[%])

137 (5.7)

45 (7.8)

92 (5.1)

0.020

 Use of Calcium channel blocker (no.[%])

140 (5.9)

39 (6.8)

101 (5.6)

0.331

 Use of diuretic (no.[%])

69 (2.9)

11 (1.9)

58 (3.2)

0.143

 Use of blocker (no.[%])

31 (1.3)

3 (0.5)

28 (1.6)

0.093

 Baseline eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2)c

93.9 ± 11.7

92.5 ± 11.6

94.4 ± 11.7

<0.001

 eGFR at follow-up (ml/min/1.73 m2)c

89.6 ± 13.1

88.4 ± 13.2

90.0 ± 13.1

0.011

 eGFR change (ml/min/1.73 m2/year)

−0.98 ± 2.33

−0.93 ± 2.3

−1.00 ± 2.4

0.524

 Incident CKD at follow-up (no.[%])d

69 (2.9)

19 (3.3)

50 (2.8)

0.609

  1. Data is presented as mean (median) and standard deviation (interquartile range) for continuous variables and percentage for dichotomous variables, respectively.
  2. Abbreviations: ACEIs, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs, angiotensin II receptor blockers; CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; Hcy, homocysteine; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol.
  3. aSmoking status was classed as never, occasional (<10 packs total), former (≥10 packs total but none in the past year) and current.
  4. bDiabetes was defined as physician-diagnosed diabetes, or currently receiving hypoglycemic therapy, or fasting glucose level higher than 7.0 mmol/L.
  5. ceGFR was estimated using the CKD-Epidemiology Collaboration equation.
  6. dIncident CKD was defined as follow-up eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 and eGFR decline rate >1 ml/min/1.73 m2/year.
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