Figure 5

TMS activated AMPK pathway and induced autophagy in H1975.
(a) TMS increased the phosphorylation of AMPK and its downstream target ACC. (b,c) Inhibition of AMPK by compound c can partially rescue the cells from apoptosis. (d) The statistical result of (c). (e) TMS induced autophagic LC3 puncta formation in H1975. (f) TMS induced autophagic flux in H1975 cells. Cells were treated with TMS (60 nM) in the presence or absence of 50 nM lysosomal protease inhibitors, bafilomycin A1 for 24 h. Cell lysates were analyzed by western blot for LC3-II conversion. (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001).