Table 3 Hazard ratios (95% CI) of developing atrial fibrillation in patients taking beta-blockers, with no beta-blocker treatment as the reference group.

From: Primary prevention of atrial fibrillation with beta-blockers in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing dialysis

 

Model 1 *

Model 2 †

Model 3 ††

HR

95% CI

HR

95% CI

HR

95% CI

Overall

AF incidence

0.471

0.426–0.521

0.483

0.437–0.534

0.488

0.441–0.541

Period of treatment ≦60 days

AF incidence

0.559

0.467–0.670

0.631

0.526–0.757

0.561

0.468–0.672

Period of treatment 60 to180 days

AF incidence

0.472

0.407–0.546

0.518

0.446–0.601

0.475

0.410–0.550

Period of treatment >180 days

AF incidence

0.457

0.398–0.524

0.513

0.445–0.591

0.465

0.405–0.534

P for time trend

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

   
  1. The Hazard ratios were also stratified by different period (number of days) of beta-blockers treatment, with no beta-blocker treatment as the reference group. AF, atrial fibrillation; ACEIs, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; CCBs, calcium channel blockers, HR, hazard ratio; OADs, oral anti-diabetic drugs.
  2. *Model 1: adjusted for age, gender, risk factors (hypertension, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia), comorbidities (stroke/transient ischaemic accident, haemorrhagic stroke, coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, heart failure) and medication usage (ACEI/ARB, CCBs, diuretics, OADs, insulin)
  3. †Model 2: adjusted all variables in Model 1 after propensity score matching
  4. ††Model 3: adjusted all variables in Model 1 plus propensity score adjustment.
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