Figure 2
From: Electroporation on microchips: the harmful effects of pH changes and scaling down
The damage of hydroxyl and hydrogen ions to cells.
(A) Morphology of HEK-293A (left column) and Hela (right column) cells after pH shock. Most cells exhibit no abnormal morphology when pH = 12. Cells shrink when treated pH is 12.5, with a mild mortality of cells. Lysis of cell happens when pH is 13. (B) Differential interference contrast (DIC) and polyimide (PI) fluorescent images of HEK-293A cells after pH shock. (C) MTT assay of Hela cells indicates the fatal dose of hydroxyl for cells is pH > 12. Mass mortality of cells happens when pH < 2. All data is obtained from at least three experiments and presented as mean ± standard error.
