Table 4 New biomarker detection technologies.

Protein

Urine

Ovarian cancer (D)

364.5 ng/mL - 458.8 mg/mL

0.0574 ng/mL - 727.1 ug/mL

Paper-based ELISA + smartphone

N/A

19.5 ng/mL

1250 ng/mL

100 μL

5 h (may be cut to 15 min)

Within range

⁹

DNA

N/A

Tuberculosis (D)

N/A

N/A

Paper-based Au-nanoprobes + smartphone

N/A

10 μg/mL

N/A

5 μL

65 min (2h30min including PCR amplification)

N/A

¹²

Protein

Urine

Colorectal cancer (D)

N/A

N/A

Paper lateral flow assay + smartphone/scanner

$2.60 + cost of cellphone

92 ng/mL

644 ng/mL

5 μL

N/A

N/A

¹⁵

Protein

Urine

Thrombosis (D)

N/A

N/A

Paper lateral flow assay + smartphone/scanner

$2.60 + cost of cellphone

72 ng/mL

504 ng/mL

5 μL

N/A

N/A

¹⁵

Peptide

Saliva

Post-traumatic stress disorder (P, T)

∼1.7–5.95 pg/mL(plasma)

0.014–0.065 pg/mL (saliva), ∼0.21–2.42 pg/mL (plasma)

Paper-Based ELISA + camera/smartphone/scanner/printer

Low cost

127.59 ng/mL

21.265 μg/mL

3 μL

<60 min

Out of range

²²

DNA

N/A

Hepatitis B (D)

N/A

N/A

Convective polymerase chain reaction + smartphone

N/A

30 copies per reaction

N/A

3 μL

20 min

N/A

⁴⁸

Protein

Inner eye aqueous humor

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinal vein occlusion (D)

740.1 ± 267.7 pg/mL, 383 ± 155.5 pg/mL, 219.4 ± 92.1 pg/mL

14.4 ± 8.5 pg/mL

Paper-based ELISA + Smartphone

Cost of paper-ELISA + cost of cellphone

33.7 fg/mL

10 μg/mL

2 μL

44 min

Within range

²⁴

Protein

Urine

Pregnancy (D)

>2.5 ng/mL

<0.5 ng/mL

Automated paper-based sequential multistep ELISA. + inkjet printing

Low cost

0.81 ng/mL

500 ng/mL

50 μL

15–25 min

Within range

⁴⁹

Protein

Serum

HIV infection (P)

N/A

N/A

Paper-based ELISA + scanner

Cost of paper-ELISA + $100 for scanner

N/A

N/A

<20 μL

<60 min

N/A

²⁵

Protein

Canine blood

Leishmaniasis (D)

N/A

N/A

Paper-based ELISA + scanner

Cost of paper-ELISA + $100 for scanner

1 mg/mL

N/A

μL range

60 min

N/A

¹²

Protein

Blister fluid

Bullous pemphigoid (D)

N/A

N/A

Paper-Based ELISA + desktop scanner

Cost of paper-ELISA + $100 for scanner

3 ug/mL

50 μg/mL

2 μL

70 min

N/A

⁵⁰

Protein

Tear

Dry eye syndrome (D)

0.13 ± 0.22 mg/mL

2.05 ± 1.12 mg/mL

An inkjet-printed microfuidic paper-based analytical device + digital camera

$0.0131 per testing sheet + cost of digital camera

5 ng/mL

50 ng/mL

2.5 μL

15 min

Within range after dilution

^{13, 51}

Protein

Serum, Saliva

Malaria (D)

17–1167 pg/mL (saliva)

0

A disposable microfluidic chip + smartphone with embedded circuit

N/A

16 ng/mL

1024 ng/mL

0.5 μL

15 min

Out of range

^{26, 52}

DNA

N/A

Bacterial infection (D)

N/A

N/A

A disposable micro?uidic chip with primers + a fluorescence detector + smartphone

$350-$600

760 DNA copies per μL

N/A

30 μL

30 min

N/A

³³

Protein

N/A

Latent tuberculosis (D)

48.69 ± 28.78 pg/ml (blood)

12.99 ± 5.70 pg/ml (blood)

An opto-acoustic immunoassay + mobile phone technologies ( surface acoustic wave transducer, CMOS camera, LED)

low cost

17.15 pg/mL

17.15 ng/mL

N/A

10 min

Within range

^{27, 53}

DNA

N/A

Viral infection

N/A

N/A

A microfluidic capillary array + an optical signal amplifier (multi-wavelength LEDs) + smartphone

$180 for capillary array + cost of LED and smartphone

0.4 ug/mL

5 μg/mL

10 μL

N/A

N/A

²⁸

Small molecule

Saliva

Stress, anxiety, depression (D)

20.7–37.3 ng/mL

0.4–14.1 ng/mL

Chemiluminescent lateral flow Immunoassay + smartphone with custom-designed 3D printer

Low cost

0.3 ng/mL

60 ng/mL

25 μL

30 min

Within range

^{54, 55}

Peptide

Blood

Heart failure (D,P)

1076 ± 138 pg/mL

38 ± 4 pg/mL

A disposable biomarker sensing element + HDR image acquisition technique + computer screen photo-assisted technique + smartphone

N/A

60 pg/mL

3000 pg/mL

150 μL

12 min

Within range

^{30, 56}

Protein

Serum

Cancer (P)

300- 3500 pg/mL

<300 pg/mL

ELISA + smartphone

N/A

2 pg/mL

N/A

N/A

2 hour 40 min

Within range

⁵⁷

Protein

Urine

Kidney disease (D)

>30–300 ug/mL

<30 ug/mL

Fluorescent assay in disposable test tubes + smartphone

$190 + cost of phone

5–10 μg/mL

200 μg/mL

25 μL

5 min

Within range

²⁶

Protein

Urine

Bladder cancer (D)

207.3 -3754.7 ng/mL

~ 10 ± 8 ng/mL

A negative-pressure-driven microfluidic chip magnetic bead based ELISA + optical measurment device

lower costs than conventional ELISA

10 ng/mL

2000 ng/ml

14.5 μL

40 min

Within range

^{31, 32}

Protein

Blood

Prostate cancer, colorectal cancer (P),

>3 ug/mL (blood)

<1 ug/mL (blood)

A microtiterplate based ELISA + smartphone

<$660

0.3 ng/mL

81 ng/mL

N/A

<30 min

Within range after dilution

^{29, 58}

Protein

Blood

HIV infection (P)

N/A

N/A

A low-power, low-cost and compact smartphone dongle of microfluidic ELISA

$34 + + cost of cellphone

10 μg/mL

N/A

2 μL

15 min

N/A

^{59, 60}

Peptide

Blood

heart failure (D,P)

1076 +_ 138 pg/mL

38 +_ 4 pg/mL

A disposable biomarker sensing element + HDR image acquisition technique + computer screen photo-assisted technique + smartphone

N/A

60 pg/mL

3000 pg/mL

150 uL

12 min

Within range

^{30, 56}

Protein

Blood

HIV (D)

>0

0

A mobile microfluidic chip for immunoassay

$0.1 per cassette + $0.5 light-emitting diodes+ $6 photodetector + cell phone

N/A

N/A

1 uL

20 min

Within range

³⁹

Protein

Blood

syphilis (D)

>0

0

A mobile microfluidic chip for immunoassay

$0.1 per cassette + $0.5 light-emitting diodes+ $6 photodetector + cell phone

N/A

N/A

1 uL

20 min

Within range

³⁹

Protein

Blood

Prostate cancer (D)

>4 ng/mL

<4 ng/mL

A microfluidic purification step + label-free nanosensor detection

low cost

1.5 ng/mL

N/A

10 uL

20min

Within range

⁴⁰

Protein

Blood

Breast cancer (D)

>30 U/ml

<30 U/ml

A microfluidic purification step + label-free nanosensor detection

low cost

15 U/mL

N/A

10 uL

20min

Within range

⁴⁰

Protein

Blood

Anaemia (D)

N/A

N/A

³⁸

Protein

Blood

Tuberculosis/HIV (T)

N/A

5−40 U/L

A paper-based, multiplexed microfluidic assay

<$0.10 per test

84 U/L

N/A

15 uL

15 min

Within range

⁴²

Protein

Blood

Tuberculosis/HIV (T)

N/A

30−120 U/L

A paper-based, multiplexed microfluidic assay

<$0.10 per test

53 U/L

N/A

15 uL

15 min

Within range

⁴²

Protein

Blood

Hepatitis (D)

Acute : ~400 U/L, Chronic: ~ 160 U/L

5−40 U/L

A micropatterned paper-based microfluidic device + cellphone

low cost

44 U/L

400 U/L

15 uL

15 min

Within range

³⁵

Protein

Blood

Liver conditions (D)

N/A

30−120 U/L

A micropatterned paper-based microfluidic device + cellphone

low cost

15 U/L

400 U/L

15 uL

15 min

Within range

³⁵