Table 5 Examples of common diseases covered by non-invasive molecular biomarkers. For a complete list, please refer to Supplementary Table S5.

From: The Assessment of the Readiness of Molecular Biomarker-Based Mobile Health Technologies for Healthcare Applications

Disease or Disease Class

Disease ICD Code

Disease Prevalence

Biomarker Function Type

Biomarker Molecular Type (No of Biomarkers, No in clinical use or trial)

Biomarker Source

Feasibility of New Tech Based Biomarker Detection

Highest Biomarker Detection Sensitivity

Highest Biomarker Detection Specificity

Disease Form (Acute/ Chronic)

Biomarker Level in Patients

Biomarker Level in Normal Population

Technology Readiness for Detecting Biomarkers from Non-Invasive Sources from Patients

HIV infection

B20

World (35.3 M),USA (1.15 M),UK (2.2 M)

Prog

P (6)

U

ELISA

94.00%

71.00%

A/C

N/A

N/A

N/A

   

Ther

P (6)

U

ELISA

94.00%

71.00%

A/C

N/A

0.2–146.7 ng/mL

Within range

Diabetic Nephropathy

E10.2, E11.2, E12.2, E13.2, E14.2

P:World (20% - 40% of diabetes)

Diag

P (7)

U

ELISA

81.40%

62.50%

C

27.3 ± 3.3 ng/μmol

0–25 ng/mg

Within range

   

Prog

P (3)

U

ELISA

N/A

N/A

C

N/A

N/A

N/A

Type 2 diabetes

E11

P:World (), USA (27.85M), Europe ()

Diag

P (11)

U

ELISA

~91%

~78%

C

56.9 ± 19.45 μg/mL

9.7 ±2.35 μg/mL

Within range

   

Prog

P (3)

U

ELISA

N/A

N/A

C

N/A

N/A

N/A

Chronic stress

F40-F42

P:World (40 M)

Diag

P (1, CT)

U

ELISA

100.00%

N/A

C

70.9 ± 19.2 pg/mg

18.8 ± 32 pg/mg

Out of range

Parkinson’s disease

G20

P:World (10 M),USA (1 M),UK (6.7 M)

Prog

Sm (1)

U

 

N/A

N/A

C

N/A

N/A

N/A

Asthma

J45

P:World (235 M),USA (25 M),UK (30 M)

Diag

Sm (4), P (1), Cell (2)

Br, Sp

ELISA

73.6–86.0%

88.00%

C

N/A

N/A

N/A

   

Prog

Sm (2), P (1) Sm+P (1, CT), Cell (1), Sm+Cell (1)

Br, Sp

ELISA

N/A

N/A

C

N/A

N/A

N/A

Acute appendicitis

K35-K37

I:USA (680,000 per year)

Diag

P (9)

U

 

95.00%

100.00%

A

0.9–19.3 μg/mL

0.1–0.8 μg/mL

Within range

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

K50,K51

P:World (0.396% population),USA (1.4 M),UK (2.5–3 M)

Diag

P (12, CU 2), Sm (1)

Br, F

ELISA

80–98%, 94%

82–96%, 76%

C

2.45 ± 1.15 ng/mg

0.006 ± 0.03 ng/mg

N/A

   

Prog

P (16, CU 2)

F

ELISA

80–90%, 70–100%

82–83%, 44–100%

C

N/A

8–213 μg/mg

N/A

   

Ther

P (2)

F

ELISA

N/A

N/A

C

N/A

N/A

N/A

Psoriasis

L40

P:World (125 M),USA (7.5 M),UK (11 M)

Diag

P (2), miR (4), cell (1)

Sk

ELISA

N/A

N/A

C

N/A

N/A

N/A

Arthritis

M00-M25

P:World (1% of population),USA (52.5 M)

Diag

P (17)

U

 

~85%

~100%

C

191.7–313.4 ng/mmol

129.25 -486.85 ng/mmol

Within range

   

Prog

P (1)

U

ELISA

N/A

N/A

C

N/A

N/A

N/A

Osteoarthritis

M15-M19, M47

P:World (26.9 M)

Diag

P (3), Sm (1), Pep (1), Modified Pep (2, CT 1)

U

ELISA

74.60%

85.70%

C

191.4 pM

144.4 pM

Almost within range

   

Prog

Sm (1), Pep (3), Modified Pep (2)

U

 

N/A

N/A

C

N/A

N/A

N/A

Acute kidney injury

N17

P:USA (1–7.1% of all hospital admissions)

Diag

P (15, CU 2, CT 3)

U

ELISA

69–100%, 73–100%

85–98%

A

50.5–205.9 ng/mL

5.7–17.7 ng/mL

Within range

   

Prog

P (2, CT 1)

U

ELISA

>90%

>90%

A

0–955 pg/mL

0–173 pg/mL

Out of range

Urolithiasis

N21.0-N21.9

P:USA (7% of women and 12% of men)

Diag

P (3)

U

ELISA

90.00%

68.00%

C

104.66 ± 159.70 pg/mg

7.76 ± 8.90 pg/mg

Out of range

   

Prog

P (1)

U

ELISA

N/A

N/A

C

104.66 ± 159.70 pg/mg

7.76 ± 8.90 pg/mg

Out of range

Interstitial cystitis

N30.10, N30.11

P:USA (8 million women)

Diag

P (7), Sm (2)

U

ELISA

70.00%

72.40%

C

0.25 ± 0.1 pg/mg

0.9 ± 0.4 pg/mg

Out of range

Pre-eclampsia

O11,O14

P:USA (3–4% baby-delivery women)

Diag

P (9)

U

ELISA

N/A

N/A

A

2.11 mg/mL

0.014 mg/mL

Within range after dilution

   

Prog

P (4)

U

ELISA

~56%

~73%

A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

S06

P:USA (823.7 in 100,000)

Prog

P (1)

U

ELISA

90.00%

62.80%

A/C

0.025 ng/mL

0.02–1.35 ng/mL

Out of range

  1. (Diag, Prog, Br, F, Sa, Sk, Sp, T, U are the same as in Table 3,Ther: Theragnostic, P: Protein, Sm: Small molecule, Pep: Peptide, miR: microRNA, CU: Clinical use, CT: Clinical trial, combi: combination, A: acute, C:Chronic).
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