Table 2 Details of the Operative Techniques, Surgical Approach and Implants Used.

Bly¹⁹

preoperative reconstruction with MIO with endoscopic intraoperative navigation device vs unassisted

MIO + endoscopic intraoperative navigation (iNtellect Cranial Navigation, Stryker Corp, Michigan, USA)

TC, inferior fornix, precaruncular, or lateral retrocanthal, depending on location of fracture

non-preformed, mostly titanium mesh coated with high-density polyethylene, followed by bare titanium mesh, PDS sheet was rarely used

Cai²⁰

preoperative reconstruction with MIO with intraoperative navigation device vs unassisted

MIO + intraoperative navigation (iPlan Cranial,version 2.6; Brainlab, Feldkirchen, Germany)

N/A (assisted and control were matched for surgical approach)

N/A (assisted and control were matched for implants used)

Lauer²¹

intraoperative navigation device vs unassisted

intraoperative navigation (Vector Visions², BrainLab, Heimstetten, Germany)

Mostly coronal, infraorbital and intraoral; medial TC or medial eyebrow incision for isolated medial wall, 3 used preexisting scars and intraoral

non-preformed, 60% PDS, 25% none, 10% calvarial bone plus PDS, 5% titanium mesh

Nkenke²²

individualized preformed CAD/CAM glass-bioceramic implants vs non-preformed titanium mesh

No intraoperative navigation used

Assisted: 60% subciliary, 30% TC, 10% TC + lateral canthotomy; Control: 50% subciliary, 50% TC

preformed CAD/CAM glass-bioceramic, non-preformed titanium mesh

Scolozzi²³

individualized preformed CAD/CAM titanium mesh vs non-preformed titanium mesh

No intraoperative navigation used

N/A

preformed titanium mesh, non-preformed titanium mesh

Guo²⁴

individualized preformed CAD/CAM titanium mesh vs calvarial bone

No intraoperative navigation used

TC

preformed titanium mesh, non-preformed calvarial bone