Figure 6
Both the stimulation and inhibition of autophagy affected the generation of cranial neural crest cells.
Heparin beads soaked with simple saline (right) and either 50 μM CLQ or 4 μg/ml TM (left) were implanted into the head folds of HH8 chick embryos by pushing them as schematically shown in (A,B) and the chick embryos were incubated to HH10. The simple saline beads were used as the control to exclude the variability in individual embryo development. (C,D) Immunofluorescent staining against HNK1 was performed on the chick embryos. The positions of the CLQ, TM and simple saline beads are indicated by the white dotted circles in (C,D), respectively. (C’–C”) The transverse sections of the chick embryo at the levels indicated by the white dotted lines in (C). (C’) is near to the CLQ beads while (C”) is near to the simple saline beads. (D’–D”) The transverse sections of the chick embryos at the levels indicated by the white dotted lines in (D). (D’) is near to the TM beads while (D”) is near to the simple saline beads. (E) The bar chart showing the ratio comparison of cranial neural crest cell areas between the sides with either the CLQ or TM beads and the side with the control beads. Abbreviations: Con, control; D-Glc, D-Glucose; CLQ, Hydroxychloroquine; TM, tunicamycin. Scale bars = 200 μm in (C–D) and 100 μm in (C’–C”, D’–D”).
