Table 1 Estimates of critical electric field [kV/cm] magnitude (±ΔEcrit) for electroporation of C. glutamicum, M. smegmatis, and E. coli BL21 exposed to a single exponentially decaying (t = 1.0 ms; τ = 5.0 ms) pulse in 0.01× PBS buffer with 5 μM SYTOX® Green nucleic acid stain.

From: Microfluidic Screening of Electric Fields for Electroporation

Trial

Vapplied [kV]

C. glutamicum

M. smegmatis

E. coli BL21

E crit

ΔEcrit

E crit

ΔEcrit

E crit

ΔEcrit

1

1.0

4.06

0.03#

2

1.0

4.21

0.08

3

1.0

3.59

0.15

4

1.0

3.97

0.06

5

1.5

2.89

0.09

6

1.5

2.94

0.06

7

1.5

3.52

0.03

8

2.0

5.53

0.21

4.59

0.03

3.52

0.10

9

2.0

4.19

0.16

6.33

0.05

4.23

0.19

10

2.0

4.98

0.16

*6.31

0.14

3.55

0.07

11

2.5

5.47

0.15

5.44

0.11

12

2.5

5.58

0.32

*4.13

0.12

13

2.5

5.42

0.19

6.53

0.05#

Average

5.20

0.20

5.56

0.08

3.65

0.09

  1. #Denotes a left shift between t = 0 and t = 200 ms. Right shift for all other cases.
  2. The critical electric field is defined as the magnitude of the electric field at the location of the onset of electroporation. This location is estimated using the one-tailed two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test36 and is defined as the electric field at the location where the KS test first determines that the pre-pulse and post-pulse data sets are from different underlying probability distributions. A 5% significance level is used in all cases (α = 0.05). NOTE: A ‘*’ indicates that the pre-pulse and post-pulse images are collected at 1 s intervals instead of the usual 200 ms, due to slower uptake of the dye in these cases.