Figure 1

Humans with T2D display hyporesponsiveness to IL10.

Whole blood cultures were stimulated with LPS only (1 and 10 ng/ml) or LPS + IL10 (10 ng/ml) and pro-inflammatory activation was assessed by TNF-α secretion. A two-way ANOVA revealed no significant differences in (a) LPS-induced TNF-α secretion between T2D patients (n = 24) and age and BMI-matched non-T2D controls (n = 22) at both 1 ng/ml and 10 ng/ml LPS. However, the ability of IL10 to suppress TNF-α secretion was less effective in T2D (main effect of group, P < 0.05) for both absolute (b) and % maximal (c) TNF-α secretion with post-hoc tests revealing a significant difference at 10 ng/ml LPS combined with 10 ng/ml IL10 (P < 0.05 for both). Biological replicates were cultured and TNF-α secretion measured by standard ELISA. IL10 inhibition is expressed as % maximal TNF-α secretion within each subject calculated as ([(LPS-induced secretion–LPS + IL10 secretion)/LPS secretion] × 100%). Values are mean ± SEM, *P < 0.05 vs. Control.