Figure 1: Transmission of HvAV-3h with contaminated ovipositor and mini-pin.

Rates of transmission was indicated by contaminated ovipositors in day 1, day 2, …, day 10 after attacking the first infected-hosts; and by contaminated mini-pins in day 1, day 2, …, day 10 after dipping into HvAV-3h solution without drying and secondary dipping within time intervals. NS, not significantly different.