Figure 2: Generation of Δψ by NaR at different NaCl concentrations that were equal outside and inside proteoliposomes.

Experiments were performed in medium containing 20 mM HEPES-Tris, pH 7.5, 100 mM KCl, and varying NaCl concentrations. (A) Kinetics of Δψ generation in the time scale 0–200 ms. Curves 1–6 correspond to NaCl concentrations of 0.03, 1, 4, 16, 64, and 200 mM, respectively. (B) Kinetics of Δψ generation in the time scale 0–250 μs in the presence of 100 mM KCl (green curve) or NaCl (black curve) in H2O or in the presence of 100 mM NaCl in D2O (blue curve). Amplitudes of the responses were normalized to the amplitudes of their 25 μs phase. (C) Kinetics of Δψ generation by NaR at 200 mM NaCl concentration in medium containing H2O (black curve) or D2O (blue curve).