Figure 1

(a,b) Typical voltage-time and force-time curve in the compression test for 18650 LIB at SOC = 0.2. (c) Voltage change–SOC curve (maximum rising voltages in different SOC values during compression tests) and potential charge rate–SOC curve in Ref (28). (d) Illustration of the nominal stress–strain, derivative nominal stress-strain, and voltage-strain curves in compression test for 18650 LIB at SOC = 0.2.