Table 2

From: Unraveling the role of dark septate endophyte (DSE) colonizing maize (Zea mays) under cadmium stress: physiological, cytological and genic aspects

Material	Cd stress (mg kg⁻¹)	Inoculation	F_ethanol	F_dd-H2O	F_NaCl	F_HAc	F_HCl	F_residue
Matrix	10	−DSE	0.09 ± 0.01	0.28 ± 0.01	3.71 ± 0.04	3.21 ± 0.02	0.07 ± 0.01	1.86 ± 0.10
	10	+DSE	0.11 ± 0.00**	0.32 ± 0.01**	3.94 ± 0.01**	3.34 ± 0.01**	0.11 ± 0.01**	1.75 ± 0.04
	50	−DSE	0.94 ± 0.03	1.64 ± 0.08	21.88 ± 0.12	10.98 ± 0.03	0.69 ± 0.02	13.43 ± 0.07
	50	+DSE	1.05 ± 0.01**	1.85 ± 0.07*	23.06 ± 0.01***	12.16 ± 0.02***	0.80 ± 0.01**	10.99 ± 0.02***
	100	−DSE	16.76 ± 0.16	7.05 ± 0.10	26.86 ± 0.03	14.33 ± 0.19	4.17 ± 0.16	28.87 ± 0.57
	100	+DSE	14.43 ± 0.09*	4.26 ± 0.11*	34.49 ± 1.35**	18.70 ± 0.32*	1.75 ± 0.16***	25.57 ± 0.89*
Root	10	−DSE	3.63 ± 0.11	24.97 ± 0.21	32.30 ± 0.52	10.60 ± 0.10	4.51 ± 0.11	19.33 ± 0.09
	10	+DSE	2.63 ± 0.05***	9.83 ± 0.12***	31.02 ± 0.81	20.20 ± 0.92***	7.80 ± 0.03***	11.64 ± 0.04***
	50	−DSE	11.76 ± 0.11	92.43 ± 0.21	105.88 ± 0.52	41.48 ± 0.10	13.51 ± 0.11	71.06 ± 0.09
	50	+DSE	8.87 ± 0.05***	15.62 ± 0.12***	122.97 ± 0.81***	82.03 ± 0.92***	35.94 ± 0.03***	32.10 ± 0.04***
	100	−DSE	132.91 ± 1.20	1109.17 ± 1.02	1225.72 ± 2.65	501.70 ± 3.51	89.80 ± 1.85	931.96 ± 3.67
	100	+DSE	105.52 ± 1.48***	539.12 ± 1.57***	1279.26 ± 2.63***	850.49 ± 1.51***	199.52 ± 1.63***	741.62 ± 3.01***
Leaf	10	−DSE	7.67 ± 0.37	12.22 ± 0.87	16.26 ± 0.35	7.69 ± 0.45	6.67 ± 0.68	12.70 ± 0.91
	10	+DSE	3.01 ± 0.11***	13.31 ± 0.82	13.99 ± 1.09*	9.56 ± 0.48**	7.55 ± 0.87	9.84 ± 0.70*
	50	−DSE	25.03 ± 0.24	36.12 ± 0.34	46.48 ± 0.99	21.02 ± 0.98	17.58 ± 1.04	51.78 ± 0.94
	50	+DSE	12.21 ± 0.79***	32.86 ± 0.91**	31.12 ± 1.02***	27.03 ± 0.55**	22.42 ± 0.94**	31.34 ± 0.66***
	100	−DSE	85.87 ± 1.95	152.28 ± 1.68	195.47 ± 2.53	60.94 ± 3.12	61.61 ± 3.62	192.48 ± 1.89
	100	+DSE	23.90 ± 0.64***	69.55 ± 3.37***	86.10 ± 2.34***	80.77 ± 4.35**	59.73 ± 0.83	61.7 ± 3.67***

Distribution of Cd chemical forms by 5 different extraction solutions (F_ethanol represents inorganic Cd extracted by 80% ethanol, F_dd-H2O for water soluble Cd by dd-H₂O, F_NaCl for pectate and protein Cd by NaCl, F_HAc for undissolved Cd by acetic acid, F_HCl for Oxalate Cd by HCl, F_residue for residue Cd) as described by Fu, et al.⁵⁷ in the culture matrixes and maize roots and leaves, under a series of Cd stresses (0, 10, 50, 100 mg kg⁻¹), examining the effect of DSE inoculation (mg kg⁻¹, means ± SEM, n = 6; *indicates significant differences at 0.01 < p < 0.05, **indicates significant differences at 0.001 < p < 0.01, ***indicates significant differences at p < 0.001 level, ANOVA). No Cd²⁺ was observed for the no Cd control (data not shown).

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Table 2

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