Table 1 List of genes.

From: The evolutionary history of genes involved in spoken and written language: beyond FOXP2

Gene

Protein name

Mammals, Average dN/dS (CI)

Aves, Average dN/dS (CI)

Disorder a

Compromised ability b

Key references

ATP2C2

Calcium-transporting ATPase type 2C member 2 (ATPase 2C2)

0.114 (0.108, 0.120)

0.102 (0.094, 0.111)

LI

Language

87

CMIP

C-Maf-inducing protein (c-Mip)

0.022 (0.018, 0.026)

0.023 (0.017, 0.031)

LI

Language, reading

61, 62, 87

CNTNAP2

Contactin-associated protein-like 2

0.074 (0.070, 0.079)

0.076 (0.069, 0.084)

LI

Language, reading

61, 88, 89

DCDC2

Doublecortin domain-containing protein 2

0.222 (0.207, 0.238)

0.386 (0.361, 0.413)

DD

Reading

62, 90, 91

DYX1C1

Dyslexia susceptibility 1 candidate gene 1 protein

0.228 (0.214, 0.242)

0.361 (0.333, 0.389)

DD

Reading92,93

92, 93

FOXP2

Forkhead box protein P2

0.034 (0.028, 0.042)

0.100 (0.080, 0.124)

LI

Language, Speech

12

KIAA0319

Dyslexia-associated protein KIAA0319

0.312 (0.301, 0.324)

0.237 (0.222, 0.252)

DD

Reading, language

60, 61, 62, 94

NFXL1

NF-X1-type zinc finger protein NFXL1

0.149 (0.141, 0.158)

0.139 (0.128, 0.152)

LI

Language, Speech

70

ROBO1

Roundabout homolog 1

0.054 (0.050, 0.058)

0.045 (0.040, 0.050)

DD

Reading, Language

44, 49

ROBO2

Roundabout homolog 2

0.052 (0.048, 0.057)

0.046 (0.040, 0.052)

DD

Language

71

  1. aDisoder initially associated to the gene
  2. bCompromised abilities associated to variants in the gene.