Table 2 Likelihood ratio test (LRT) statistics for models of variable selective pressure among sites (codon frequency: F3 × 4).

From: The evolutionary history of genes involved in spoken and written language: beyond FOXP2

MAMMALS

GENES

Model a

− 2ΔlnL b

pValue (Bonferroni corrected)

MEME-BEB sites c

ATP2C2

M8a vs M8

14.825

1.180 × 10−4

Q412

M7 vs M8

11.517

3.156 × 10−3

CNTNAP2 (reg2)

M8a vs M8

23.894

1.018 × 10−6 (2.036 × 10−6)

M7 vs M8

12.165

2.282 × 10−3 (4.565 × 10−3)

DYX1C1

M8a vs M8

16.610

4.592 × 10−5

K14, C182

M7 vs M8

29.270

4.406 × 10−7

NFXL1

M8a vs M8

12.237

4.684 × 10−4

T49, G687, T907

M7 vs M8

71.035

3.757 × 10−16

ROBO2

M8a vs M8

4.156

4.148 × 10−2

M7 vs M8

32.032

1.107 × 10−7

AVES

GENES

Model a

− 2ΔlnL b

p Value (Bonferroni corrected)

MEME-BEB sites d

ATP2C2

M8a vs M8

7.878

5.004 × 10−3

A7, F79, H933, C940

M7 vs M8

23.618

7.436 × 10−6

DCDC2 (reg2)

M8a vs M8

27.893

1.282 × 10−7 (2.564 × 10−7)

L422, T423

M7 vs M8

42.071

7.319 × 10−10 (1.464 × 10−9)

FOXP2

M8a vs M8

11.320

3.483 × 10−3

N228, V376, Q383

M7 vs M8

8.741

3.112 × 10−3

NFXL1

M8a vs M8

17.001

3.735 × 10−5

P302, I583, S728

M7 vs M8

33.257

6.002 × 10−8

  1. Notes:
  2. aM7 is a null model that assumes that 0 < ω < 1 is beta distributed among sites; M8 (positive selection model) is the same as M7 but also includes an extra category of sites with ω > 1. M8a is the same as M8, except that the 11th category cannot allow positive selection, but only neutral evolution.
  3. b2ΔlnL: twice the difference of the natural logs of the maximum likelihood of the models being compared.
  4. cPositions refer to the human sequence (see also Supplementary table 2)
  5. dPositions refer to the chicken sequence (see also Supplementary table 2).