Figure 1

(a) Proposed schematic representation of DSSC. (b) Electronic band diagram showing the beneficial effect of the present methodology to modify SnO2 anode by TiO2 (encircled) in alleviating charge recombination from anode to electrolyte as opposed to only using SnO2 anode.The conduction band, valence band positions and band gap values of present SnO2 anode and SnO2 anode modified by TiO2 are calculated from data acquired from the combination of UPS and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. All other values are from reported literature61,62,63.